Cell Membrane and Function 1+2

 : network of protein fibers that
supports the cell structure and functions
(organelle movement, cell division and trafficking)

What are the three types of cytoskeleton filaments?

What intermediate filament makes up epithelium?

What intermediate filament makes up muscle (cardiac, skeletal, smooth)?

What intermediate filament makes up connective tissue (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, mesenchymal cell)?

What intermediate filament makes up neuroglial cells, astrocytes, Schoeman cells, and oligodendrocytes?

What intermediate filament makes up neurons (axons, dendrites, and neuronal appendages?)

How large are microfilaments? What is their protein subunit?

How large are intermediate filaments? What is their protein subunit?

How large are microtubules? What is their protein subunit?

The   houses the instructional information for homeostatic process in the form of DNA

The nucleus is the site of gene regulation,  and  , where all machinery
reside

The nucleus is encapsulated in a   (  layered membrane)

Outer layer of nuclear envelop is continuous with  and contains   pores

The nuclear pores are associated with  , which allow the
passage of substance between nucleus and cytoplasm

Only proteins with   are allowed in the nucleus

Only proteins with   are allowed to exit the nucleus

The inner membrane is supported by   ( )
intermediate filament types A, B and C

DNA complexed with histones is called   ( vs.
 - malignant cells contain more  .

Inclusion bodies called nucleolus synthesize cells  

RER plays a role in   (contains  )

 is responsible for
steroidogenesis, fatly acid synthesis
and phospholipids, recycling
calcium ions for muscle contraction
and detoxification

 , fold, modify and
package proteins

Golgi apparatus is divided into
receiving end of packaged
protein from RER ( ),
modifying Golgi where protein
modifications occur ( )
and exporting Golgi, where
modified proteins are packaged
and sent to their destination
( )

Proteins need a tag ( )to reach their destination (i.e.
  is the tag associated with proteins destined for the
lysosome)

Proteins without a tag become  

Tay-Sach's Disease a   is missing and causing cells to
accumulate compounds ( ). Accumulated material within neurons
interferes with function.

Mitochondria have their own   (called  

Mitochondrial diseases impact  , , and  system

Mitochondia are membrane bound and have an   and   membrane.

The outer membrane transports   into the mitochondria

The inner membrane forms invaginations (folds), called a cristae, allow a large
  for reactions

Primary site of   (contains many enzymes for B-oxidation of fatty acid,
acetyl-CoA production, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation )

Cells requiring a lot of energy will have a lot of mitochondria per cell, most affected
in 

Development of   or  r disease have been associated with higher
  mutation rate

Mitochondria store  

  is the major lipid of plasma membrane

Hydrophilic head of phospholipid made of
  group

Hydrophobic tails made of two
 

Phospholipids are   (can form  ). Creates the phospholipid
 

The   acid in the phospholipid creates a “kink” in the chain,
which prevents tight packing –important for membrane fluidity

Where is phosphatidylinositol found?

  is found in both leaftlets.

Cholesterol provides stability for the bilayer at 

 % of lipids in the membrane can be cholesterol

Cholesterol is important for membrane   and  .

Cholesterol is able to flip in the membrane eaily, but   rarely do (they move  ,  , or  )

      molecules need
transporters

Ions need  

Only  
molecules diffuse
through the plama membrane. To a lesser extent, small    

4   molecules that are able to pass are O2, CO2, N2, and Steroids

4   that are able to pass are H2O, glycerol, urea, and ethanol.

Tranmembrane poteins are in contactwith   and  .

Adrenergic receptors and muscarinic
receptors are  

Insulin receptors are  

Na+/K+ ATPase pump is a type of  

GPI linked proteins: Carbonic
anhydrase are a type of 

Integrins and cadherins are a type of  

The gate can be a  
(neurotransmitter/ or an
intercellular messenger),
  (such as
pressure or stretch),
 (membrane
potential)

In the cases when there is
no gate, the ion channel is
always in an  

Some ion channels use
gating to have different
states (i.e.  

Potassium channels are  

Whereas cadherins are CA2+   molecules, N-CAMS are CA2+   molecules

Loss of cell adhesion molecules is observed in