Ch. 28-30

What are the the 8 excitatory neurotransmitters?
 ,  ,  ,  ,  , ,  

What are 3 inhibitory neurotransmitters?
1.  
2.  
3.  

What are the 4 stages of neurotransmission?
1.  
2.  : Calcium activates the release of Ach on to Ach receptors. Binding of neurotransmitters causes depolarization (Na+/K+)
3.  : Metabolic degredation of Ach in synaptic cleft

In the case of neurotransmitter
 , it is taken up into  ,
before it is  

  are supporting, neuronal cells that maintains the normal
physiology of the nervous system

Oligodendrocytes provide the   that insulate the axon.

When the axonal connections die
off it results in  
(movement and balance
disruptions as well as vision
imbalance). (influenced by lack of  )

-Microglia protects the neuron from infection through phagocytosis. The microglia are activated by   inflammatory signals  
-The signals from the damaged cells include  

What is an example of something that is trans acetylated? What is the effect?

 can be used in neurotransmitter synthesis.

Acetylcholine causes the opening of
 channels in   nerve after a nerve stimulus

  is one of the fastest enzymes. Such a high turnover
is expected, since recovery from depolarization occurs within seconds.

choline goes to acteyl coline using  

acteylcholine is degraded and becomes   +   by a   reaction using  

 ,  ,
 : competes with
acetylcholine receptor.

Physostigmine and neostigmine
inhibit   by
carbamoylating residue at
the active site.

DIPF (organophosphate) reacts
with active site and
 modifies the enzyme.

DIPF reacts with the active site serine and covalently modifies enzyme  

Receptor targeted inhibitors (alpha bungartoxin, cobra toxin, etc) function as  

  and  and have selenocystine

What is the universal methyl group donor?

Methionine is a   amino acid

Proline is synthesized from  

Glutamate becomes   using   and . It then forms a   intermediate. Using a   and  , it forms  .

Hydroxylation of   occurs as a
posttranslational modification (hydroxylases
require   (ascorbate, lack of it
causes Scurvy).

3‐hydroxyproline and 4‐hydroxyproline are
found in  .

Glutathione peroxidase contains  

In the mRNA for selenoproteins, the codon  , which generally serves as a termination codon, codes for selenocysteine

Selenocysteinyl-tRNA is added to ribosomes to make  

Selenocysteinyl tRNA is formed by adding   using ATP to  

3 examples of seleno proteins are  ,  , and  

  is used to convert any hormone into more active form (i.e. T4 to T3).

Phenylalanine becomes  using   and   and  

THB is formed using  and  

The gene symbol for phenylalanine hydroxylase is  

PAH deficiency leads to classical  

PKU results in the accumulation of the products  ,  , and  

PKU results in a   (core unique symptoms), light
pigmentation; peculiarities of
gait, stance, and sitting posture;
eczema; and epilepsy

PKU is an  

In PKU (PHU deficinecy), you would want to have low   and high   in the diet.

In non-classical PKU, there are people who cannot make  
In order to fix this, take 

Consumption of a Large numbers of neutral amino acids LNAA can also be used to address the  

Tyrosine becomes   which then can form  

Lack of   will cause   which is the build up of homogenistate

Accumulation of
homogentisate, which upon
accumulation forms dark
brown polymer, gets
deposited into joints, causing
 

SAM is formed from  

Methionine + ATP come together to form   using  

SAM is the main  

Methyl Group Acceptor
Guanidoacetic acid

Methylated Product
 
Metabolic Pathway
 

Methyl Group Acceptor
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine synthesis

Methylated Product
 
Metabolic Pathway
 

Methyl Group Acceptor
Norepinephrine

Methylated Product
 
Metabolic Pathway
 

Methyl Group Acceptor
rRNA & tRNA

Methylated Product
 
Metabolic Pathway
 

Methyl Group Acceptor
Protein bound lysine

Methylated Product
 
Metabolic Pathway
 

Methyl Group Acceptor
Histones (Chromatin)

Methylated Product
 
Metabolic Pathway
 

Methyl Group Acceptor
DNA

Methylated Product
 
Metabolic Pathway
 

 : (Many Proteins at the
Amino Terminal end residues such as
Met, Ser, etc…

 : (Histones on Lys and
Arg Residues)

 : (Histones on Lys
Residue)

 : (Histones on
Serine Residues) -> adds potential energy to a protein

Histones are methylated on   and 

Methionine + ATP is converted to SAM using  . SAM transfers a methyl and becomes  . From that step,  forms. From there,   +   forms cystathionine. Gamma cystathionase + B6 then forms   +   (can then become  )

Defect in cystathionine synthase, results in
the accumulation of   and
  in the blood and  
in the urine. Symptoms include skeletal abnormalities,
thrombosis and mental retardation.

Problems with the enzyme  ,  ,   or addition of   causes homocystinuria.

Problems with the enzyme   or   causes cystathionuria

To make succinyl CoA from propinoyl COA is done using  and  

To regenerate methionine from homocystesine, you need  ,  , and  

In the regeneration of methionine from homocystine can have a methyl group donated from either a   or  

Only 2 enzymes require B12 as cofactor:   and  

Sulfur amino acids can oxidize two cysteines to make a disulfide bond
(between 2 cysteines makes  , 2 homocysteines become  )

-Cystinuria: Defect in membrane transport of
  through epithelial cell
-Cysteine gets oxidized to  which has poor
solubility and it precipitates in the urinary tract
and forms  .

Homocysteine can form homocysteinethiolactone. This is a reactive intermediate that  
which aggregates and eventually forms  .

Tryptophan degradation gives you   as a byproduct and   and   as products

Valine and Isoleucine are broken down into   (which then becomes   that can enter  ). Leucine becomes  because it is  .

The enzyme used to break down valine, isoleucine, and leucine is 

BCAA dehydrogenase reqires  

Maple Syrup Disease
Symptoms: Urine has maple syrup odor, vomiting, brain damage
Treatment: Reduced   in diet
Type of disorder:  

Propinoyl CoA makes  ,  ,  , and   on being degraded.

Methylmalonic acidemia is a deficiency in  or  . Causes metabolic acidosis and mental retardation.

Histidine breaks down into  and   from   using  

The enzyme histidase is highly expressed in   and  . In skin,
 is one of the components of  .

Lysine is   to form   (required for   of fatty acids)

Phosphocreatine is an  

Glycine + Arginine yields   and with   becomes   which then forms   using  

What are the 3 componenents of folic acid (vitamin B9)?

Microorganisms converts   and  
into folic acid. Humans  
synthesize folic acids. Folic acid is an
 .

Folic acid synthesis is inhibited by
 (anti microbial agent).

Methotrexate blocks dihydrofolate reducatse from   to 

THF is a   carbon carrier

What is the folate trap?
Responsible for trapping   in the  

The folate trap leads to insufficent formation of   due to  

The folate trap leads to inhibition of   which does conversion of   to  . Inhibition causes  .

Serine + THF produces  

Glycine produces
1.  
2.  
3.  
4.  
5.  

Taurine is produced from