1What are the four basic types of tissues?
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous
2Epithelial tissues are a type of tissue consists of closely attached cells that covers all of the body and forms .
Epithelial tissues are a type of tissue consists of closely attached cells that covers all exposed surfaces of the body and forms glands.
3Connective tissues are a collection of tissues consists of cells separated . These tissues , , and other tissues together.
Connective tissues are a collection of tissues consists of cells separated by a large amount of extracellular material. These tissues support, “connects”, and bind other tissues together.
4What are the four types of connective tissue?
a. CONNECTIVE TISSUE (proper)
b. CARTILAGE
c. BONE
d. BLOOD
5Muscle tissue contains cells that can . There are three types of muscle,
, , and
Muscle tissue contains cells that can contract and shorten. There are three types of muscle,
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
6Nervous tissue consists of highly specialized cells, , and their . Nervous tissue , , and information outside and inside the body through communication through linked neurons.
Nervous tissue consists of highly specialized cells, neurons, and their support cells. Nervous tissue receives, transmits, and integrates information outside and inside the body through communication through linked neurons.
7Epithelial cells lines all body , , and .
Epithelial cells lines all body surfaces, cavities, and tubes.
8Epithelial cells exist as a cluster or sheet of
Epithelial cells exist as a cluster or sheet of structurally similar cells.
9Epithelial cells Cells are closely attached to each other with extracellular space, usually linked by .
Epithelial cells Cells are closely attached to each other with little extracellular space, usually linked by special cell-to-cell junctions.
10Epithelial cells are considered to be (i.e. having a apical/free end and a basal/attached end)
Epithelial cells are considered to be polarized (i.e. having a apical/free end and a basal/attached end)
11Epithelia are (NO and ), receiving its nutrients and oxygen by from vessels in the connective tissue. can be present.
Epithelia are Avascular (NO blood and lymphatic vessels), receiving its nutrients and oxygen by diffusion from vessels in the connective tissue. Nerve endings can be present.
12There is a continual of epithelial cells. Cells are shed while new cells are
produced, often by . Mitotic cells are present close to the
There is a continual replacement of epithelial cells. Cells are shed while new cells are
produced, often by mitosis of stem cells. Mitotic cells are present close to the CT.
13Epithelia are sensitive to environmental conditions. The tissue and cells can undergo
, , , , and .
Epithelia are sensitive to environmental conditions. The tissue and cells can undergo
atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia.
14Specialized epithelia include: , , ,
Specialized epithelia include: glandular, myoepithelial, neuroepithelia, germinal epithelia
15 – one layer of cells, with ALL cells attached to the basal lamina.
Simple epithelia – one layer of cells, with ALL cells attached to the basal lamina.
16 – more than one layer with ONLY the basal cells attached to the
basal lamina.
Stratified epithelia – more than one layer with ONLY the basal cells attached to the
basal lamina.
17How are statified epithelia classified?
shape of the SURFACE cells in cross-section
18Description of simple squamous
Flat, scale like with thin cells with flat nuclei
19Function of simple squamous
Ion or gas exhange, diffusion, filtration
20Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
Lines all blood and lympathic vessels
21Simple cuboidal description
Square cells with round nuceli
22Simple cuboidal function
Secretion or absorption
23Simple columnar description
Long columnar cells with oblong nuclei
24Simple columnar function
Secretion or absoprtion
25Pesudostratified description
Messy columnar and seems multilayered with oval/oblong nuceli at different levels
26Pesudostratified function
Secretion or absorption
27What is present in simple cubodial?
Microvilli or cila might be present
28What is present in simple columnar?
Microvilli or cilia may be present. Goblet cells may be present.
29What is present in pseudostratided epithelium?
Microvilli or cilia may be present. Goblet cells may be present.
30Stratified squamous nonkeratinized description
Multilayered with surface cells flat WITH NUCLEI
31Stratified squamous nonkeratinized function
Protection from abrasion and irritation
32Stratified squamous, keratinzed description
Multilayered suface cells flat WITHOUT nuclei, cells filled with keratin
33Stratified squamous keratinized function
Protection from abrasion and irritation
34Transitional epithelium AKA urothelium description
Multilayered with surface cells ranging from round to somewhat flat (but not squamous)
35Transitional epithelium function
Protection from urine
36What is stratified columnar and stratifed cuboidal?
-Multilayered with columnar cells on surface
-Multilayered with cuboidal cells on surface
37Function of stratided columnar and stratifed cuboidal?
Protection
38The is a specialized extracellular fibrous sheet that attaches
epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue
The basal lamina (lamina=layer) is a specialized extracellular fibrous sheet that attaches
epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue
39The term is often
used to describe this sheet when it is thick enough to be .
The term basement membrane is often
used to describe this sheet when it is thick enough to be visible in the light microscope.
40The basement membrane acts a flexible support that attaches to the
The basement membrane acts a flexible support that attaches epithelial cells to the connective tissue
41The basal lamina acts as a barrier or filter of material passing between the and
The basal lamina acts as a barrier or filter of material passing between the epithelium and CT
42Epithelial cells must be attached to the to maintain normal function.
Epithelial cells must be attached to the basal lamina to maintain normal function.
43 , , and are attached to the connective tissue (CT) by
a basal lamina (external lamina) which they produce.
Adipose, muscle, and Schwann cells are attached to the connective tissue (CT) by
a basal lamina (external lamina) which they produce.
44Disruption of the structure and function of the basal lamina occurs in many diseases
including those of the
Disruption of the structure and function of the basal lamina occurs in many diseases
including those of the lung, kidney, vascular system, skeletal muscle and cancer.
45What are the three components of the basal lamina?
1. Type IV collagen fibrils
2. Laminin – large glycoprotein, lacelike network attached to cell membrane.
3. Large adhesive molecules like entactin (GAG) and perlecan (proteoglycan) bind
laminin and Type IV fibrils together.
46The term basement membrane is often used to describe the when it is thick enough to be seen with a LM
The term basement membrane is often used to describe the basal lamina when it is thick enough to be seen with a LM
47RETICULAR LAMINA – secreted by the in the tissue.
Primarily contains (reticular fibers), continuous with
the of the connective tissue.
RETICULAR LAMINA – secreted by the fibroblasts in the connective tissue.
Primarily contains Type III collagen fibrils (reticular fibers), continuous with
the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue.
48Changes in the BM due to inflammation, autoimmune diseases & genetic mutations play an
important role in
Changes in the BM due to inflammation, autoimmune diseases & genetic mutations play an
important role in disease
49 – motile finger like structures composed of microtubules
Cilia – motile finger like structures composed of microtubules
50Cilia – microtubules in a
arrangement in the axoneme (shaft) and in the basal body
Cilia – microtubules in a 9+2 doublet
arrangement in the axoneme (shaft) and 9 triplets in the basal body
51What 4 places are motile cilia found? Where is non-motile cilia found?
-respiratory system (transports mucus), female reproductive system (transports
ovum), male reproductive system (flagellum of sperm) and ventricles of the brain
(CSF).
-Non-motile are in inner ear
52 stiff brush like structures composed of actin filaments
Microvilli – stiff brush like structures composed of actin filaments
53Microvilli primarily increase , usually for
Microvilli primarily increase surface area, usually for absorption
54What are the 3 alternative names for microvilli?
1. Striated border (small intestines)
2. Brush border (kidney nephron)
3. Stereocilia (male reproductive system), very long microvilli
55Primary ciliary dyskinesia (immotile cilia syndromes, syndrome) is a group of
hereditary diseases. Depending on the mutation this can result in
(bronchitis, sinusitis), in males and in females including more due to immotile cilia in the and
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (immotile cilia syndromes, Kartagener syndrome) is a group of
hereditary diseases. Depending on the mutation this can result in respiratory dysfunction
(bronchitis, sinusitis), immotile sperm in males and infertility in females including more ectopic
pregnancies due to immotile cilia in the uterine tube and situs inversus.
56Loss of microvilli in the small intestines leads to , including
( ).
Loss of microvilli in the small intestines leads to malabsorption diseases, including
glutenopathies (celiac sprue).
57What is the other name for a tight junction?
Zonula occulden
58What is the structure of a zona occulden?
-It is an area of complete fusion or seal
-Mostly apical junction
-Completely encircles
59What is the function of a zona occulden?
-blocks molecules from passing between cells (direct cell to cell transfer)
-Blood-brain barrier
-Divdes cell into an apical and basal lateral domain
60What is another name for an intermediate junction?
Zonula adherens
61Describe a zonula adheren?
-Dense with actin filaments and proteins in cadherin family
-Completely encircles the cell
62What is the function of a zonula adheren?
-Anchors actin filaments (terminal web to cell membrane)
-Stabalizes cytoskeleton and tight junctions
-Present in cardiac muscle (i.e. fascia adherens)
63What is another name for desmosomes?
Macula adherens
64What is the structure of a macula adheren?
-Intermediate filaments in electron dense plaques
65What is the function of a macula adheren?
-Strong cell-to-cell attachment and keeps cells from falling aprart
-Anchors intermediate filaments to extracellula matrix
-Found in smooth and cardiac muscles
-Attaches cell to proteins of BASAL lamina
66What is another name for a gap junction?
Communicating nexus junction
67What is the structure of a communicating nexus junction?
-Neighboring cell membranes form small channels directly between cells
68What is the function of a communicating nexus junsction?
-Permits direct transfer or ions, small regulatory molecules, and metabolites between neighboring cells
-ELECTRICALLY COUPLES CELL
-Found in smooth and cardiac muscle
69Blistering (bullous) disease of skin impacts what type of junction?
Blistering (bullous) disease of skin impacts what type of junction? Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
70Clostridium and
Helicobacter pylori impact what type of junction?
Tight junction
71Epithelial cells specialized for secretion can exist as scattered cells in a or
aggregate into larger units referred to as
Epithelial cells specialized for secretion can exist as scattered cells in a surface epithelium or
aggregate into larger units referred to as “glands.”
72Exocrine glands develop as down growths from a
Exocrine glands develop as down growths from a surface epithelium.
73What are merocrine cells? Where are the present?
Secretory vessels that discharge with little or loss of apical cytoplasm. Most cells are this type.
74What are apocrine cells? Where are they present?
-Secretory vesciles discharge with loss of some apical cytoplasm
-Present in mammary and in specialized sweat glands
75What are holocrine cells? Where are they present?
Secretory vesicles that discharge when the whole cells explodes. Present in SEBACEOUS glands
76How are glands classfified?
According to their ducts and the shape of their units
-Simple duct = single duct (tube, alveolar, etc)
-Compound duct = more than one duct, many branches (can be tubular, alveolar)
77 - secrete a watery, protein rich secretion.
SEROUS CELLS - secrete a watery, protein rich secretion.
78Examples of serous cells?
In the GI system the secretory granules (zymogen granules) contain digestive
enzymes
79 secrete slimy, viscous, lubricating mucus (glycoprotein).
MUCOUS CELLS - secrete slimy, viscous, lubricating mucus (glycoprotein).
80Mucous dissolves away with normal tissue preparation, leaving an
Mucous dissolves away with normal tissue preparation, leaving an “empty” cell.
81Mucous cells are extremely common, existing as single isolated cells ( ),
as entire epithelial sheets (ex. ), or as cells in large discrete glands
(ex. ).
Mucous cells are extremely common, existing as single isolated cells (goblet cells),
as entire epithelial sheets (ex. stomach lining), or as cells in large discrete glands
(ex. sublingual gland).
82What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
-Exocrine glands secrete at surface but endocrine cells secrete in the basal lamina
83A serous cell has a nucleus, a mucus cell has a nucleus
A serous cell has a euchromatic nucleus, a mucus cell has a heterochromatic nucleus
84In light microscopy, serous cells are and have . The muscus cells have a cytoplams with a and nucleus
In light microscopy, serous cells are basophilic and have secretory vessicles. The muscus cells have a light/empty cytoplams with a dark and flat nucleus
85A is a common mucous cell that, like all epithelia cells, is attached to the
A goblet cell is a common mucous cell that, like all epithelia cells, is attached to the basal limina
86What is a mixed gland? What is another name for it?
-Contains both serous and mucous cells
- contain a serous cell surrounding a mucous cell in a demilune arrangement
87Like all solid organs (versus tubular organs) the functional cells are referred to as the
while the CT framework is called the
Like all solid organs (versus tubular organs) the functional cells are referred to as the
parenchymal cells while the CT framework is called the stroma
88 - these cells are rich in actin and myosin and have long processes that
embrace the secretory cells
Myoepithelial cells - these cells are rich in actin and myosin and have long processes that
embrace the secretory cells
89Many exocrine glands contain myoepithelial cells hidden between the and
their
Many exocrine glands contain myoepithelial cells hidden between the secretory cells and
their basal lamina
90When myoepithelial cells contract, the squeeze secretions into
When myoepithelial cells contract, the squeeze secretions into lumen and ducts
91 is the replacement of one fully differentiated cell type for another due to
some stressful stimulus (ex. cigarette smoke). The replacement tissue is normal
appearing but location
METAPLASIA is the replacement of one fully differentiated cell type for another due to
some stressful stimulus (ex. cigarette smoke). The replacement tissue is normal
appearing but IN THE WRONG location
92Is metaplasia reversible?
Yes
93 is a disordered development of a tissue. There is an of
the tissue, exhibited by alterations in and of the cells ( ) and
overall architecture of the tissue. Typically there is an increase in Although
it is possibly reversible, it is considered a condition.
DYSPLASIA is a disordered development of a tissue. There is an abnormal maturation of
the tissue, exhibited by alterations in size and shape of the cells (pleomorphism) and
overall architecture of the tissue. Typically there is an increase in mitotic figures. Although
it is possibly reversible, it is considered a precancerous condition.
94 –new, uncontrolled proliferation of cells
NEOPLASMS –new, uncontrolled proliferation of cells
95What are the three factors used to determine if a cell is benign or malignant?
1. degree of fidelity to precursor cells
2. Rate of growth
3. Ability to invade and metastazie to distant sites
96 - localized growths that do not penetrate adjacent tissue borders, or
metastasize (spread) to distant sites. They contain differentiated
cells similar to their
Benign tumors - localized growths that do not penetrate adjacent tissue borders, or
metastasize (spread) to distant sites. They contain differentiated
cells similar to their parents.
97 - are neoplasms that have the ability to
invade nearby tissues and metastasize to distant sites. They have lost
many of the differentiated characteristics ( ) of the original cells.
Malignant neoplasms/tumors (cancers) - are neoplasms that have the ability to
invade nearby tissues and metastasize to distant sites. They have lost
many of the differentiated characteristics (anaplasia) of the original cells.
98 – neoplasm derived from embryonic tissue of all three germ layers.
(ex. )
Teratomas – neoplasm derived from embryonic tissue of all three germ layers.
(ex. sacrococcygeal teratoma from the primitive streak)
99 – malignant neoplasms derived from mesenchyme, the embryonic CT.
Sarcomas – malignant neoplasms derived from mesenchyme, the embryonic CT.
100Carcinomas will have many present
Carcinomas will have many mitotic figures present
101If the abnormal cancer cells are restricted to the
epithelium and are above an intact basal lamina, it is classified as a
If the abnormal cancer cells are restricted to the
epithelium and are above an intact basal lamina, it is classified as a carcinoma in situ.
102To the malignant cells lose their polarity and detach from each other with
loss of their cell to cell junctions.
To metastasize, the malignant cells lose their polarity and detach from each other with
loss of their cell to cell junctions.
103In order to metastasize, cancer cells secrete to breech the basal lamina
and invade the connective tissue. The cancer cells, now , migrate through the
connective tissue where they can break into vessels and reach
distant sites to grow other tumors.
In order to metastasize, cancer cells secrete proteases to breech the basal lamina
and invade the connective tissue. The cancer cells, now amoeboid, migrate through the
connective tissue where they can break into blood or lymphatic vessels and reach
distant sites to grow other tumors.
104The is a layer of microfilaments parallel to the surface that anchors microvilli
The terminal web is a layer of microfilaments parallel to the surface that anchors microvilli
105The is a junctional complex at the apial end
The terminal bar is a junctional complex at the apial end
106The is a 9 triplet of microtubules that anchors microtubules of axonome
The basal body is a 9 triplet of microtubules that anchors microtubules of axonome
107When several types of junctions are together they form a that when visible under light microscopy is called a
When several types of junctions are together they form a junction complex that when visible under light microscopy is called a terminal bar