Erythrocytes

In the mesoblastic stage of fetal development, blood cells are made in  

A little later in development, blood comes from ,  , and 

Very late in fetal development, blood is from   and  

Erythropoietin is made in the 

  is the last stage with the nucleus. Our mature red blood cells lack   and  

Unlike typical red blood cells, reticulocytes are able to make  

Orthochromatic erythroblasts become   and they become  

What are 3 things that cause erythropotein release?

  stimulates enhanced erythropoisesis in bone marrow

Red blood cells have a   that allows for maximal  / 

Normal red blood cell death occurs after 120 days due to loss of membrane ,  , and  

Abnormal RBC lifespan =  ,  , 

Red blood cells are predominatly made of , then  , then  

Blood groups are attached to  

Majority of protein in RBC is  

The enzymes in hemoglobin include those for  ,  ,  ,  

Glutathione (*γ glutamylcysteinylglycine) has a cysteinyl   group that increases levels of   in the process of  . You don't want   (in your hemoglobin) because it cannot bind oxygen and glutathione allows for its reduction.

If hemoglobin goes from F2+ to F3+, it can  

Enzymes in the cytoplasm of RBC are for 

The 5 enzymes for antioxidant activity
1.  
2.  
3.  
4.  
5.  

Gluathione peroxidases detox   and   by .

Glutathione reductase restores  

Glutathione Peroxidase
  +  
(or lipid peroxide)
→ +  
(or lipid hydroxide)

Glutathione Reductase
 +   +   →
 +  

 +   to
  +  
methemoglobin reductase

The n-terminal region of the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 binds  ,  ,  , and  .

The c-terminal of the band 3 binds  .

Deoxyhemoglobin is more prevelant in the  

High oxygen causes enzymes to bind to band 3, which halts  ,  , and   and favors  

Low oxygen causes enzymes to unbind from  , which activates the glycolytic pathway that produces   and  and downregulates  

Red Cell Metabolism is Balanced
(by   binding to )
to Optimize the Availability of
  when [Oxygen] is High
…and  
production when [ 
is lower.

The conformational change to
  also triggers the
 from the
erythrocyte.
ATP is a  

The erythrocyte “makes a path”
for itself by   as
it encounters low  

These results suggest that the addition of  
to the treatment regimen for
 
could have beneficial effects on
tissue oxygenation,
which would help to ameliorate the
concomitant
peripheral vascular disease.

  binds in low oxygen concentration (using   to form)

2,3 BPG is made from   (from glycolysis)

No matter of blood type, you have an  .

A antigen has  fucose, and   N-acetylgalactosamine, and  galactose

B antigen has   galatcose,   fucose, and   n-acetylgalactosamine

In o blood type, there is   n-acetylgalactosamine,   galactose, and  fucose

In bombay's phenotype, there is no  . There is just   galactose and   n-acetylgalactosamine

Megaloblastic (Macrocytic)
 

Microcytic
 

Normocytic
 

In nonhemolytic anemia, reticulocyte is  or 

In hemolytic anemia, there are both   and  causes. Recticulocyte count is  

Causes of marcocytic anemia can be  and 

Causes of microcytic anemia can be rembered by the acronym 

Polycythemia vera = making   of blood cells, but  is  

Physiological polycythemia = making   of blood cells, but   is  

Dehydration causes  

In hemolytic anemia, these two enzymes are deficient
1.  
2.  

In space, erythropoises was   but was  

High partial pressure of oxygen leads to high  

Emden Meyerhof pathway EMP =  

In sickle hemoglobin, problem with pathway. Sickle cell of hemoglobin "pretends" to be deoxy and shunts path towards   instead of  .

For megaloblastic, is mostly problems with  . The DNA growing slowly, but   keeps growing =  cell.

Example of physiological polycythemia=