Chapter 17

Three major paired salivary glands are the  ,  , and  

The major paired salivary glands and the minor glands in the submucosa cavity make  ,  ,  ,  , and  .

What are the two types of specialized ducts that are within lobes?

Intercalcated ducts are lined with   or  

Intercalcated ducts add  

Straited ducts are lined by     with  

The straitions of the striated duct are caused by   in a highly  cell membrane

In a striated duct, the nuceli are pushed towards the  

The striated duct is involved in   and re-absorption of   and addition of  to secretion.

Excretory ducts are indentified because they are   ducts that are surrounded by increasing amounts of  .

Excretory ducts are lined by   to  

  are the main duct that enters into the oral cavity

Parotid glands are  

Submandibular glands are  

Sublingual glands are  

Parotid glands and submandibular glands have  and  

The sublingual gland has NO   and 

The pancreas has many and NO  

  have excretory ducts

A pancreas is a   gland

Straited ducts are only in  

Pleomorphic adenoma, a benign tumor of the   derived from a mixture of
 ,  , and  

The pancrea is considered to have two glands in one. The exocrine gland ( ) and endocrine gland ( ).

The pancreas is a   gland (shape of gland)

The two parts of the exocrine pancreas are the   and  

Acinar cells, a protein secreting cell, have a   nucleus,   cytoplasm
(due mostly to ) and visible secretory ( ) granules that contain numerous digestive
enzymes including  ,  ,  ,  , and  .

Enzymes of acinar or zymogen cells are inactive proenzyme until they reach the  

The pancreas has intercalcated ducts that are   and have  . Secrete   and water to make the secretion  .   cells are the first duct cells, found in the middle of the  

The excretory ducts of the pancreas are usually , eventually empties into  . The last duct is lined by the same epithelium as the 

In the salivary glands
the last duct is lined by a  , while the pancreatic
duct is lined by  , similar to the duodenum.

The two diseases of the exocrine portion of the pancreas are   and  .

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS: Islands of light staining cells scattered among the  and  . Separated from the other cells by a  

  cell (70%) – secrete insulin, lowers blood glucose

  cell (20%) - secretes glucagon, raises blood glucose

 cell – secretes somatostatin

  cell – secretes pancreatic polypeptide

There are many   to easily pick up and carry away the hormones. These are common in endocrine tissues and organs.

What is the major disease of the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

Compared to salivary glands, the pancreas has  

Striated ducts are only in  

Undermicroscope, pancreas looks like it only has few ducts, but it is actually filled with ducts that are  

The three functions of the liver are  ,  , and  .

The exocine function of the liver involve secretion of  into ducts which eventually empty into the  

Bile contains  ,   that emulsify fats in the small intestine and waste products: such as  ) a toxic breakdown product of   eliminated in feces

The liver is responsible for secretion of  , including albumen, blood clotting factors (fibrinogen and
prothrombin).

The liver removes debris from the  

The liver had a   artery and   vein

The hepatic artery brings   blood

The   brings blood from capillaries in the  ,  , and 

The blood of the liver flows from the   to the  

The hepatocytes are the  or functional cells and they are arranged in  

The portal canal has edges of  , contains   and 

Bile is kept separated and flows from   to the ,  to the
flow of blood.

Hepatocytes secrete bile into  , tiny channels formed by tight junctions between
hepatocytes

Bile flows along the canaliculi to the edge of the lobule where they empty into true
epithelial lined ducts, the  

Bile ducts are lined by   or in the larger ducts,
 .

Flow of bile goes from   to   to   to   to  

Branches of the hepatic portal vein and artery in the CT at the edge of the lobule, empty their
blood into the   which are lined by   AND  

Blood from the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein drain into   which drain into the   which drain into the  , which drain into the  

Blood flows from the   to   to the  

Heaptocytes     with   nuclei

Hepatocytes are exoposed to blood in   space

Bile is secreted into small pockets ( ) formed by  between adjacent hepatocytes.
Bile canaliculi empty into  

Hepatocytes   divide if stimulated

The sinusoidal capillaries of the liver are  
with  in the endothelial cells and large gaps
between cells. The basal lamina is  

Unlike sinusoids in other organs, the hepatic sinusoids
are lined not only by endothelial cells but also by the
phagocytic,  

KUPFFER CELLS
-  in the liver, derived from   that flow in  

PERISINUSOIDAL SPACE ( )
- Space between the   and the  .
- Blood fluids readily pass through the endothelial fenestrations and gaps into this space
- contains only  

Hepatic stellate cells (  cells) – are a small population of cells hidden in the
 space. They store   in lipid droplets. With inflammation, the stellate
cell differentiates into a   cell that secretes excess   and  
(reticular) collagen into the perisinusoidal space, resulting in  .

The 3 types of liver lobules are  ,  , and  

In the liver acinus,  is the best supplied and   is the worst supplied.

The portal lobule emphasizes   with the   in the center

In the venous portal system, capillaries go to  which go to  

Increased connective tissue in the liver can   through the liver. This leads to increased
portal venous pressure termed  .

Anastomoses open up between the portal
circulation and the systemic venous system, resulting in large, dilated veins called   (prone to rupture)

  (side of heart?) can lead to back up of blood flow through the liver. The central veins and the sinusoids are   with blood.

Cirrhosis – is a chronically damaged liver characterized by widespread   (fibrosis). Hepatocytes containing   and necrosis are commonly present. The   is the major source of excess collagen.

  /   is
Persistent congestive heart failure impedes the venous outflow from the liver, producing a chronic
passive congestion of that organ

Pattern of destruction of the
liver radiating from the central vein is referred to as  

Necrotic fat cells have  , intensely   with faint outline AKA ( ), and   nucleus

Metastases to the   are common.

Liver cancer- primary cancers of the liver can arise from the   (hepatocellular carcinoma)
or   cells (cholangiocarcinoma).

Hepatoblastoma – rare, cancer of children, associated with secretion of  

The gall bladder is lined by   with   and  . There are  
or glands in the mucosa.

Avoid getting confused! The gall bladder LACKS  ,  ,  

Obstruction of the biliary tract is commonly caused by  .
Accumulation of bile within the liver causes increasing levels of   in the blood,
resulting in .

The epithelial cells of the liver (hepatocytes, bile ducts), gall bladder, and pancreas are
derived from the   of the distal portion of the foregut.

  or  is an important malformation of the liver.

The endothelial cells of the blood vessels including the sinusoids, Kupffer cells
(macrophages), and CT are derived from surrounding  

The liver is an important embryonic site of  . Red and white blood cells first
arise in the wall of the   of the early embryo, followed by the liver ( month).

The
  remains as the major site of hematopoiesis in the embryo and fetus (with some help by
the spleen). At the time of birth   has replaced the liver as the major site.
However, in certain diseases in the adult (ex. anemia), the liver is stimulated to again
produce   and