All Decks.txt

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> 3 major paired salivary glands:<div>-&nbsp;<span class=cloze>parotid</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>submandibular</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>sublingual</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-2d897a5c4561c0f4fd545bb7ad36b304832b283d.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Major salivary glands along w minor glands in <span class=cloze>submucosa</span> of oral cavity produce saliva <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Saliva is a mixture of <span class=cloze>serous&amp;mucous secretions, water, electrolytes, and antibodies produced by plasma cells</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> 3 types of salivary gland ducts:<div>- <span class=cloze>intercalated</span> ducts</div><div>- <span class=cloze>striated/secretory</span> duct</div><div>- <span class=cloze>excretory</span> ducts</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Intercalated &amp; striated</span> ducts are found w/n the salivary gland lobules <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Intercalated ducts r small and their ducts r lined w clear <span class=cloze>simple cuboidal</span> cells <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Intercalated ducts simple cuboidal/squamous cells add <span class=cloze>bicarbonate</span> ions to secretion <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Striated/secretory ducts r lined by <b>acidophilic<> <span class=cloze>simple columnar</span> epithelial cells with <b>basal striations<> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Basal striations of striated ducts r caused by <b>parallel rows<> of <span class=cloze>mito</span> in highly folded cell memb at base of cell <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Striated duct <span class=cloze>nuclei</span> r pushed towards lumen <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Striated duct cells r active in 3:<div>- <span class=cloze>ion</span> transport</div><div>- reabsorption of <span class=cloze>Na+</span></div><div>- addition of <span class=cloze>potassium</span> to secretion</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Excretory ducts r large and r surrounded by <span class=cloze>CT</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Excretory ducts r lined by <span class=cloze>simple columnar</span> to <span class=cloze>stratified squamous</span> epith <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Excretory ducts of salivary glands main duct empties into <span class=cloze>oral cavity</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Parotid glands are pure <span class=cloze>serous</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Parotid&amp;submandibular glands have many <span class=cloze>intercalated, striated, and excretory</span> ducts <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-ef9290e8ae1c1649f7bee979a9805d5c54970e35.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Submandibular gland is <b>mixed<> but mostly <span class=cloze>serous</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Sublingual glands r <b>mixed<> but mostly <span class=cloze>mucous</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Sublingual glands dont have <span class=cloze>intercalated</span> ducts and only a few <span class=cloze>striated</span> ducts; has excretory ducts <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-ef9290e8ae1c1649f7bee979a9805d5c54970e35.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Pancreas (exocrine) is pure <span class=cloze>serous</span> gland <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-ff5466c88cbe77a0e2458a46a7dbe5494beb3d34.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Pancreas (exocrine) have many <span class=cloze>intercalated</span> ducts and no <span class=cloze>striated</span> ducts; has excretory ducts <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Striated</span> ducts are only found in salivary glands <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> All glands have <span class=cloze>excretory</span> ducts <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Salivary</span> glands can give rise to a variety of benign and malignant tumors <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Most common salivary gland tumor is <span class=cloze>pleomorphic adenoma</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor derived from mixture of <span class=cloze>secretory, duct, and myoepithelial cells</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Pancreas</span> is both exocrine and endocrine gland <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Pancreas exocrine gland is <span class=cloze>serous</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Pancreas endocrine gland = <span class=cloze>islet of langerhans</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Exocrine pancreas are <span class=cloze>compound tubulo-alveolar</span> serous glands <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Exocrine pancreas gland serous cells r either <span class=cloze>acinar or zymogen</span> cells <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Acinar serous cells of exocrine pancreas r <span class=cloze>protein</span> secreting cells that have <span class=cloze>euchromatic</span> nucleus, and <span class=cloze>basophilic</span> cytoplasm <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Zymogen serous cells of exocrine pancreas r visible secretory granules that contain numerous digestive enzymes including 5:<div>- <span class=cloze>trypsinogen</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>chymotrypsinogen</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>amylase</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>lipase</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>deoxyribonuclease</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Enzys r in inactive proenzy form until they reach duodenum</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Intercalated ducts of exocrine pancreas r small <span class=cloze>simple cuboidal</span> ducts lined by clear cells <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Intercalated ducts of exocrine pancreas secrete bicarbonate&amp;water to make secretion <span class=cloze>alkaline</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Intercalated ducts of exocrine pancreas, <span class=cloze>centroacinar</span> cells r first duct cells that r found in middle of secretory acinus <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Excretory ducts of exocrine pancreas r usually simple columnar epith, which eventually empty into <span class=cloze>duodenum</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> In <b>salivary glands<>, the last duct is lined by <span class=cloze>stratified squamous</span> epith (oral cavity lining) while <b>pancreatic duct<> is lined by <span class=cloze>simple columnar</span> epith (sim to duodenum) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>the last duct is lined by same epith as the surface it empties into</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> 2 diseases of exocrine portion of pancreas:<div>- <span class=cloze>acute necrotizing pancreatitis</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>pancreatic carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Acute necrotizing pancreatitis is common in <b>alcoholics<> in which <b>proenzymes<> r activated w/n pancreas leading to <span class=cloze>“digestion” of pancreatic tissue and hemorrhage</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Proenzys r zymogens</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Pancreatic carcinoma/adenocarcinoma</span> is the 4th leading cause of cancer death <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Islets of langerhans of endocrine pancreas r islands of light staining cells scattered among <span class=cloze>acinar (serous cells) &amp; ducts</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Islets of langerhans r sepd from each other by delicate <span class=cloze>CT</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Islet of langerhans cells r endocrine in funct that secrete hormones which regulate metabolism of 3:<div>- <span class=cloze>glucose</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>lipid</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>protein</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Beta</span> cells (70%) of pancreas secrete <b>insulin<> which lowers blood glucose <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Alpha</span> cells (20%) of pancreas secrete <b>glucagon<> which raises blood glucose <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Delta</span> cells of pancreas secrete somatostatin <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>PP</span> cells of pancreas secrete pancreatic polypeptide <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> There are many <span class=cloze>fenestrated capillaries</span> to easily pick up and carry away hormones <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Fenestrated caps r common in endocrine tissues and organs</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (juvenile)</span> is a disease of endocrine portion of pancreas <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Type 1 diabetes mellitus (juvenile) is autoimmune destruction of beta cells resulting in loss of <span class=cloze>insulin</span> causing many systemic effects <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Compared to salivary glands, pancreas is supported by much less <span class=cloze>ct</span> in abdl cavity <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <img src=""image-58fdec791655bb9a027e2755ffff37e32c55cb24.png""><span class=cloze></span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>In light microscope, pancreas appears to have only a few excretory ducts. However pancreas is actually filled w ducts but they r tiny, intercalated ducts r not easily identified.<div>P is for pure serous</div></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Liver is an <span class=cloze>organ and gland</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> 3 functs of liver:<div>- <span class=cloze>exocrine</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>modification&amp;filtration of blood</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>hematopoietic funct in embryo</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Liver’s exocrine funct is the secretion of <span class=cloze>bile</span> into ducts which eventually empties into duod <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Bile contains contains <span class=cloze>cholesterol and bile salts</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Bile salts emulsify <span class=cloze>fats</span> in SI and waste products such as <span class=cloze>bilirubin</span> (conjugated) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Bilirubin is a toxic breakdown product of <span class=cloze>hemoglobin</span> that’s eliminated in feces <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Liver metabolizes and stores food products in <span class=cloze>blood</span> that r absorbed from intestines <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Liver secretes plasma proteins in blood including:<div>- <span class=cloze>albumin</span></div><div>- clotting factors</div><div>— <span class=cloze>fibrinogen</span></div><div>— <span class=cloze>prothrombin</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Liver removes toxic substances from blood including: 3<div>- <span class=cloze>alcohol</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>lipid soluble drugs</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>barbiturates</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Liver removes broken down <span class=cloze>RBC</span> products and other debris from <span class=cloze>spleen</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Livers hematopoietic funct in embryo produces <span class=cloze>RBC&amp;WBC</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hepatic a brings fresh <span class=cloze>oxygenated</span> blood (25%) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hepatic portal v brings blood from capiliaries (75%) in: 3<div>- <span class=cloze>intestines</span> (food laden)</div><div>- <span class=cloze>pancreas</span> (horms)</div><div>- <span class=cloze>spleen</span> (RBC breakdown products)</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Venous portal system:<div><span class=cloze>Caps -&gt; v -&gt; caps</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-da7de29068fa3a1fa0fd7a246aceb9c11fe35df9.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> In liver lobule, blood flows from <span class=cloze>portal triad</span> to <span class=cloze>central</span> v <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hepatocytes r the <span class=cloze>parenchymal/functional</span> cell of liver that r arranged as plates <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Portal triad are branches of: 3<div>- <span class=cloze>hepatic portal v</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>hepatic a</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>bile duct</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Portal canal</span> have ct at edges of lobules that contain portal triad and lymphatic vessels <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-9f78f3110ebb9823f4e0379d0779b297a9b5c6a3.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Bile is kept sepd and flows from bile canaliculi to <span class=cloze>portal triad</span>, opposite to flow of blood <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hepatocytes secrete bile into canaliculi which then flows to the edge of the lobule where they empty into <span class=cloze>true epithelial linedile</span> ducts <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Canaliculi r tiny channels formed by tight junctions (zonula occludens) btwn hepatocytes</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Bile ducts r lined by <span class=cloze>simple cuboidal or simple columnar</span> epith <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Large duct get columnar</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Bile flow:<div>Hepatocytes -&gt; <span class=cloze>bile canaliculi</span> -&gt; <span class=cloze>bile ductules</span> -&gt; bile ducts -&gt; hepatic duct</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-f7f050dc6f094b8819617d8f46352f3fed42e503.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Blood flow in liver:<div><span class=cloze>Hepatic a&amp;hepatic portal v</span> -&gt; sinusoids/hepatocytes -&gt; <span class=cloze>central v</span> -&gt; hepatic v -&gt; <span class=cloze>vena cava</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Branches of hepatic portal v and a in ct at edge of lobule, empthy their blood into liver <span class=cloze>sinusoids</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Liver sinusoids r lined w endothelial&amp;kupffer cells. Bordered by hepatocytes</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Hepatocytes</span> bordering sinusoids modify blood as it flows&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Blood leaves liver lobule when it reach <span class=cloze>central v</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Central vs in all the lobules eventually form <span class=cloze>hepatic</span> v, which empties into <span class=cloze>ivc</span> as it returns blood to heart <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Blood flows from <span class=cloze>portal triad</span> to sinusoids to central v <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hepatocytes r acidophilic <span class=cloze>cuboidal</span> epithelial cells w euchromatic nuclei <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Cytoplasm of hepatocytes contain abundant: 6<div>- <span class=cloze>mito</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>golgi</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>RER</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>free ribosomes</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>SER</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>vesicles</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Hepatocytes</span> modify and secrete substances into blood <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hepatocytes r exposed to blood in <span class=cloze>perisinusoidal</span> space <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Hepatocytes</span> can divide if stimd <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <img src=""image-dfadf33b7896e93676340ad08e6b30dca9d0b421.png""><span class=cloze></span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Sinusoidal</span> caps of liver r discontinuous w fenestrations in endothelial cells &amp; large gaps btwn cellls <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Basal lamina</span> of sinusoidal caps r incomplete or absent <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hepatic sinusoids r line by <span class=cloze>endothelial</span> and <span class=cloze>kupffer</span> cells <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Kupffer</span> cells r macrophages in liver that r derived from monocytes <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Kupffer cells r phagocytic and engulf 3:<div>- <span class=cloze>old RBCs</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>debris</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>bacteria</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>As it flows thru sinusoid</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Perisinusoidal space (Space of disse) r btwn <span class=cloze>hepatocytes and sinusoids</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Blood fluids readily pass thru endothelial fenestrations and gaps into <span class=cloze>perisinusoidal space</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Perisinusoidal space contains only small amounts of <span class=cloze>ct</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Usually reticular fibers</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hepatic stellate (ito) cells r small pop of cells hidden in <span class=cloze>perisinusoidal space</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-8caa422a702b3321700e0de071aac2b6101465d7.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Ito cells store vit <span class=cloze>A</span> in lipid droplets&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> With inflammation, ito cells diff into myofibroblast cells that secretes excess type <span class=cloze>1&amp;3 (reticular)</span> collagen into perisinusoidal space <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Results in liver scarring or cirrhosis</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> 3 types of liver lobules:<div>- <span class=cloze>classic liver lobule</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>liver acinus</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>portal lobule</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-e9215f99e9ced468f0c7437b525910c3e0bbd038.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Liver acinus relates zones to blood supply: zone <span class=cloze>1</span> is best supplied while zone <span class=cloze>3</span> is least supplied <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-e9215f99e9ced468f0c7437b525910c3e0bbd038.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <img src=""image-a5ff278d5c3a44aac59605723c18976b29a37550.jpg""><span class=cloze>blood flow</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Increased ct in liver can impede bloodflow thru liver, leading to increased <span class=cloze>portal venous pressure</span> = portal hypertension <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Anastomoses open up btwn portal circulation and systemic venous system, resulting in large, <span class=cloze>dilated</span> vs (varices) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Varices r weak walled vessels that r prone to rupture, esply in lower <span class=cloze>esophagus</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <img src=""image-a5ff278d5c3a44aac59605723c18976b29a37550.jpg""><img src=""image-22040bcc8ba7ad155c896148967a19ced564aa16.png""><span class=cloze></span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Congestive hf and liver damage:<div>- <span class=cloze>r side hf</span> can lead to back of bf thru liver</div><div>- <span class=cloze>central vs and sinusoids</span> r distended w blood</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-6974ef8e39b0a0302a2a39510c3b1897573bf2a7.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> 3 select diseases of the liver:<div>- <span class=cloze>cirrhosis</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>chronic passive venous congestion/nutmeg liver</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>cancer</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Liver is one of the few organs that can easily replace <span class=cloze>damaged</span> cells, but if enough cells r lost, liver might not b able to meet needs of body <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Liver can b damaged by 4:<div>- <span class=cloze>viruses</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>parasites</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>toxins</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>drug overdose</span> (acetaminophen)</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Cirrhosis is chronically damaged liver characterized by widespread <span class=cloze>ct scarring (fibrosis)</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> In cirrhosis, liver bcms subdivided into nodules of regen’g hepatocytes surrounded by bands of excess <span class=cloze>collagen</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> In liver cirrhosis, hepatocytes containing <span class=cloze>fat vacuoles</span> and <span class=cloze>necrosis</span> r commonly present <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Liver cirrhosis undergoes cycles of <span class=cloze>injury, fibrosis, and regen</span> which eventually distorts normal architecture of liver <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> In liver cirrhosis, bf is disrupted and backs up in the <span class=cloze>GI</span> organs <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Ito</span> cells r major source of excess collagen in cirrhosis <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Cirrhosis is commonly caused by <span class=cloze>alcohol abuse and chornic hepatitis</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Chronic passive venous congestion/nutmeg liver is persistent CHF that impedes <span class=cloze>venous</span> outflow from liver, producing chronic congestion of that organ <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> nutmeg liver <span class=cloze>central vs and sinusoids</span> of central portions of liver lobules bcm distended w blood and may hemorrhage <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Nutmeg liver <span class=cloze>hepatocytes</span> closest to central v (farthest from fresh oxygenated blood) bcm necrotic and die <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> In nutmeg liver, <span class=cloze>centrilobular</span> necrosis is the pattern of destruction of liver radiation from central v&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hepatocytes at diff stages of centrilobular necrosis in nutmeg liver can b recogd as cells w:<div>- many <span class=cloze>fat vacuoles</span> filling the cyto</div><div>- intensely acidophilic cytoplasm due to aggregation of cyto organelles and loss of ribosomes. Eventually only faint cellular outlines remain = <span class=cloze>coagulation necrosis</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>nuclei</span> r dark and shrunken/pyknotic, fragmented, faded, or completely absent</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Liver cancer r the primary cancers of liver that can arise from <span class=cloze>hepatocytes (hepatocellular carcinoma) or bile duct cells (cholangiocarcinoma)</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Cancers metastases to <span class=cloze>liver</span> r common <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hepatoblastoma r rare cancers of children, assocd w secretion of <span class=cloze>alpha fetoprotein (AFP)</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Gallbladder</span> is a tubular organ that receives, stores, and concentrates bile &amp; discharges it into duodenum <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Gallbladder is lined by <span class=cloze>simple columnar</span> epith w tight juncts and microvilli but lack <span class=cloze>goblet</span> cells or glands in the mucosa <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Muscularis of gallbladder consists of small bundles of <span class=cloze>smooth</span> m interspersed w ct <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Gallbladder is often confused w SI/LI since both r lined w simple columnar epith but gallbladder doesnt have <span class=cloze>goblet cells, glands, or discrete muscular layers</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>No muscularis mucosae &amp; muscularis externae layers</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Bile is exocrine secretion of liver and is produced continuously by <span class=cloze>hepatocytes</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Obstruction of billary tract is commonly caused by <span class=cloze>gallstones</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Accumulation of bile w/n liver causes ncrsg lvl of <span class=cloze>bilirubin</span> in blood resulting in jaundice <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Jaundice = yellow skin</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Epithelial cells of liver, gallbladder, pancreas r derived from <span class=cloze>endoderm</span> of distal portion of foregut <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Bile ducts develop from a bud off endoderm (future duod) that continually branches forming <span class=cloze>smaller ducts</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Biliary atresia/hypoplasia</span> is a malformation of liver <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Endothelial cells of bvs ncldg sinusoids, kupffer cells, and ct r derived from surrounding <span class=cloze>mesoderm</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Liver embryonic hematopoiesis, r&amp;wbcs first arise in wall of <span class=cloze>yolk sac</span> of early embryo, followed by <span class=cloze>liver</span> in 2nd month <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Liver remains as major site of hematopoiesis in <span class=cloze>embryo and fetus</span> (w help from spleen) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> At time of birth, <span class=cloze>bone marrow</span> has replaced liver as major site of hematopoiesis but in certain diseases of adults (Anemia), the liver is stimd to again produce r&amp;wbc <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <img src=""image-a072e15984455df6e70c5800289025c53b868c83.png""><span class=cloze>blood hematopoiesis</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Teeth r made up of 3 calcified, avasc tissues:<div>- <span class=cloze>enamel</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>dentin</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>cementum</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>After cementum is alveolar bone</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Enamel, dentin, and cementum r calcified structs that surround <span class=cloze>pulp cavity</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Pulp cavity is soft ct filled space</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Teeth r embedded in and attached to boney alveolar processes of <span class=cloze>maxilla and mandible</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Teeth r divd into <span class=cloze>crown&amp;root</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Anatomical crown is portion of tooth that is covered by <span class=cloze>enamel</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Clinical crown is the portion projecting above <span class=cloze>gum line (gingiva)</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Root of tooth is the portion covered by cementum and attached to surrounding bone by <span class=cloze>thick ct/peridontal lig</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Crown is made up <span class=cloze>dentin and enamel</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-1bc5c4167bf3783834ff3c3505cda7f40cc17641.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Root is composed of <span class=cloze>dentin and cementum</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-1bc5c4167bf3783834ff3c3505cda7f40cc17641.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> 8 structures that make up teeth:<div>- <span class=cloze>enamel</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>dentin</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>cementum</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>alveolar bone</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>gingivaums</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>pulp cavity</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>odontoblasts</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>periodontal lig (PDL)</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-446efa3ae80f5b34311e684e47a14c9d8d57741d.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Enamel is avasc highly mineralized tissue covering <span class=cloze>dentin</span> in crown region <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Enamel is mostly <span class=cloze>hydroxyapatite</span> (96%) arranged into enamel rods <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Hardest subst in body</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Enamel is completely removed in <span class=cloze>decalcified</span> sections <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Enamel is produced by <span class=cloze>ameloblasts</span> (appositionally) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Ameloblasts degenerate at eruption</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Enamel cant b repaired in adults bcuz <span class=cloze>ameloblasts</span> r gone <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Dentin is avasc mineralized tissue surrounding pulp cavity in <span class=cloze>crown and root</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Dentin is composed of 2<div>- <span class=cloze>70% hydroxyapatite</span>&nbsp;</div><div>- <span class=cloze>type 1 collagen fibers</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Dentin is produced appositionally by <span class=cloze>odontoblasts</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Dentin tubules containing processes of <span class=cloze>odontoblasts</span> extend thru out matrix <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Dentin</span> conts to b produced slowly thru out life and in response to damage <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Dentin can b repaired unlike enamel</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Dentin is sensitive to 3<div>- <span class=cloze>pain</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>thermal sensations of H&amp;C</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>pressure</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Cementum is avasc mineralized tissue forming thin layer over dentin in the <span class=cloze>root</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Cementum is composed of 2&nbsp;<div>- <span class=cloze>50% hydroxyapatite</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>type 1 collagen fibers</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Cementum’s collagen fibers of <span class=cloze>periodontal</span> lig r embedded in cementum <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Cementum is produced by <span class=cloze>cementoblasts</span> (appositionally), that can bcm trapped in lacunae forming cementocytes <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Cementocytes receive nutrition via <span class=cloze>canaliculi</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Cementum</span> is produced thru out life &amp; in response to damage <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Cementum near <span class=cloze>root</span> has cementocytes in lacunae (cellular cementum), the region closer to <span class=cloze>enamel</span> doesnt have cementocytes in lacunae (acellular cementum) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Alveolar bone is connected by <span class=cloze>periodontal</span> lig to cementum <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Alveolar boney ridges project from jaw bones, forming socket to <span class=cloze>anchor</span> the tooth <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Alveolar bone</span> is partially woven bone, softer than cementum, reabsorbed if tooth it lost <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Gingiva r specialized oral mucosa lined by 2<div>- <span class=cloze>stratified squamous epithelium</span>&nbsp;</div><div>- <span class=cloze>dense ct</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Gingiva r tightly bound by ct to <span class=cloze>periosteum</span> of underlying alveolar bone <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Gingiva adheres (epithelial attachment) to the tooth enamel &amp; later to cementum (as gums recede) by 2<div>- <span class=cloze>hemidesmosomes</span>&nbsp;</div><div>- <span class=cloze>thick basal lamina</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Pulp cavity in the tooth containing <span style=""color: var(--field-fg); font-family: -apple-system-body; background: var(--field-bg);""><span class=cloze>dental pulp</span> and&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: var(--field-fg); font-size: -apple-system-body; font-style: -apple-system-body; font-variant-caps: -apple-system-body; font-weight: -apple-system-body; font-family: -apple-system-body; background: var(--field-bg);""><span class=cloze>loose ct</span> w many bvs &amp; nerve fibers that enter via <span class=cloze>apical foramen</span>&nbsp;of root canal</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Pulp cavity is lined by <span class=cloze>odontoblasts</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Odontoblasts r tall <span class=cloze>columnar</span> cells that line inner wall of dentin in pulp cavity <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Odontoblasts secrete <span class=cloze>predentin</span> by appositional growth <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Odontoblasts have large cytoplasmic process that extends into <span class=cloze>dentinal</span> tubules <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Production of dentin by odontoblasts thruout life reduces size of <span class=cloze>pulp cavity</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Odontoblasts can b stimd to prod new dentin in response to damage (reparative dentin)</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Odontoblasts</span> r associated w n endings <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Periodontal</span> ligs r dense ct that anchors tooth in socket and functs as shock absorber <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Periodontal lig is composed of thick collagen bundles extending from <span class=cloze>alveolar bone</span> to <span class=cloze>cementum</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Periodontal ligs collagen fibers have a high rate of turnover, secreted&amp;maintained by <span class=cloze>fibroblasts</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Periodontal lig contains <span class=cloze>bvs, n fibers, and n endings</span> sensitive to pressure <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <img src=""image-91ad9c1cc9afec92d448029b784234f6c98a7a81.png""><span class=cloze></span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Enamel cant b repaired bcuz ameloblasts die at <span class=cloze>eruption</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Odontoblasts</span> secrete dentin thruout life and can b stimd to make reparative dentin <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> If pulp and odontoblasts r destroyed by infection or root canal treatment, the dentin will persist as a <span class=cloze>mineralized</span> tissue <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Cementum</span> is slowly secreted thruout life and can b reparied <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Alveolar bone is remodeled thruout life, removal of tooth results in ncrsd bone <span class=cloze>resorption</span> &amp; <span class=cloze>drifting</span> of adj teeth <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Caries/cavities usually result from accum of <span class=cloze>microorganisms</span> on enamel surf <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Bacteria of cavities prod acids that <span class=cloze>decalcify</span> enamel that triggers underlying odontoblasts to syn <span class=cloze>dentin</span> in an attempt to protect pulp <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Cavities continued destruction results in breakdown of dentin &amp; exposure of <span class=cloze>pulp</span> to infection <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Pulpitis</span> is most common cause of dental pain &amp; loss of teeth in younger people <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Pulpitis is commonly caused by <span class=cloze>cavities/caries</span> penetrating dentin <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Pulpitis, if untreated, is followed by death of <span class=cloze>pulp</span> and spread of infection thru apical foramina into <span class=cloze>periodontal</span> tissues <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Pulpitis can also b caused by spread of infection from <span class=cloze>gingiva</span> (plaque dev&amp;gingivitis) &amp;/ thru <span class=cloze>periodontal lig</span> (periodontitis) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Periodontal lig inflammation or infection can result in <span class=cloze>loosening</span> of teeth and spread of infection to <span class=cloze>pulp</span> and surrounding tissues <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Scurvy is a vit <span class=cloze>C</span> deficiency disease <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Absence of vit c, tropocollagen isnt able to polymerize into stable <span class=cloze>fibrils &amp; fibers</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Scurvy first affects ct w high turnover of collagen, such as <span class=cloze>periodontal lig and gingiva</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Bcuz periodontal lig and gingiva maintain teeth in their sockets, scurvy symptoms ncld <span class=cloze>loose teeth and bleeding gums</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Birth defects include Defective <span class=cloze>enamel or dentin</span>, abnormalities in <span class=cloze>shape, number or location</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Dentinogenesis imperfecta r a class of diseases affecting odontoblasts which cause weak <span class=cloze>dentin</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Amelogenesis imperfecta r a class of diseases affecting ameloblasts resulting in weak <span class=cloze>enamel</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Two teeth birth defects r:<div>- <span class=cloze>dentinogenesis imperfecta</span>&nbsp;</div><div>- <span class=cloze>amelogenesis imperfecta</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Cementum is avasc and has lower <span class=cloze>metabolic</span> rate than bone <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Avasc &amp; lower metabolic rate results in cementum being more resistant to <span class=cloze>stress</span> and not <span class=cloze>resorbed</span> as readily as bone <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Placing pressure on one side of tooth results in <span class=cloze>resorption</span> of bone on one side of socket &amp; <span class=cloze>deposition</span> of bone to opposite side of socket which results in mvmnt of tooth <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Original flat embryonic disc folds into a tube, <b>endoderm<> bcms trapped inside forming epith lining of <span class=cloze>primitive gut</span> tube <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Mesoderm cells surround primitive gut tube and form <span class=cloze>muscle and ct</span> layers <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Neural crest cells migrate into primitive gut tube and diff into <span class=cloze>ganglion</span> (auerbachs &amp; meissners n plexus) &amp; <span class=cloze>enteroendocrine</span> cells <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Primitive gut tube is divd into 3:<div>- <span class=cloze>forgut</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>midgut</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>hindgut</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-d4753ac927277f14d7a2ae67da9858dfb3dce8ff.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Foregut includes: 4<div>- <span class=cloze>mouth to pharynx</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>esophagus</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>stomach</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>proximal duodenum (to bile duct)</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Foregut proper includes bottom 3</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Foregut gives rise to 4:<div>- <span class=cloze>respiratory primordia</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>pancreas</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>liver</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>gall bladder</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Midgut extends from rest of <span class=cloze>SI</span> to proximal 2/3 of <span class=cloze>transverse</span> colon <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Midgut connects to <span class=cloze>yolk sac</span> which eventually bcms restricted to a thin duct (vitelline duct) which is incorporated into <span class=cloze>umbilical cord</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Rapid growth and twisting of midgut results in temporary herniation of dev’g intestines into <span class=cloze>yolk sac</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hindgut extends from last 1/3 of <span class=cloze>transverse</span> colon (splenic flexure) to <span class=cloze>anal canal</span> (above pectinate line) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hindguts enlargement at end of cloaca bcms subdivided into 2 passages:<div>- <span class=cloze>food waste (Anorectal canal)</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>urine (urethra &amp; urinary bladder)</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <img src=""image-4eeb1ac73209f8b5de7701620f7c3b8f87f9d7dd.png""><span class=cloze></span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> General probs in gi dev is the <span class=cloze>blockage or narrowing</span> of a section of gi tube <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> 3 types of probs w gi dev:<div>- <span class=cloze>atresia</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>stenosis</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>fistula</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Atresia</span> is the absence or closure of an orifice or passage (like gi tube) in the body <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Stenosis</span> is the abnormal narrowing or contraction of a passage of the body <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Fistula</span> is the abnormal passage btwn 2 hollow or tubular organs or btwn surface and a tubular organ <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Recanalization of the gi tube occurs after the initial gut tube bcms clogged w <span class=cloze>replicating epith</span> cells around wks <span class=cloze>6-7</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Recanalizationeopening of tube occurs when <span class=cloze>overgrowth</span> cells die a few wks later <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-5c2bcce2de5d100541209f14abd5dcdb75098e67.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Failure to reform lumen during recanalization can result in <span class=cloze>stenosis or atresia</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Failure to reform lumen is common in the <span class=cloze>esophagus and duodenum</span> of the foregut <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-1a5758adf379ccf9ed81d999d0f3b72171b7b414.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Fetus continually swallows amniotic fluid, absorbs it into the body, and then adds fluid back into amnion in form of <span class=cloze>fetal urine</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Ncrsd amounts of <span class=cloze>amniotic fluid (polyhydraminos)</span> can b indicative of blockage in GI syst or failure of swallow reflex to dev <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Gi blockage - defective recanalization, twisting, compromised blood supply, tracheoesophageal, fistula, etc<div>Swallow reflex - usually due to anencephaly<br></div></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Buds arising from foregut give rise to: 4<div>- <span class=cloze>respiratory primordium</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>liver</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>gall bladder</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>pancreas</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Resp syst devs as a bud that appears at wk<span class=cloze>4</span>&nbsp;in ventral wall of <span class=cloze>endoderm</span> lined foregut <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-39562a8ae112915a41a215a2bb6444769b5607af.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Growth of septum from endoderm seps btwn foregut (future esophagus) from bud (future trachea, bronchi, and lung) &amp; restricts their connection to small opening at <span class=cloze>larynx</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Failure of septum to dev properly during wks <span class=cloze>4-5</span> can result in abnorm connections &amp;/ blockage btwn <span class=cloze>trachea&amp;esophagus</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Tracheoesophageal fistual w esophageal atresia</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Most common defect (90%) is a <span class=cloze>fistula</span> btwn esophagus&amp;distal 3rd of trachea <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Most newborn infant gags after feeding and gastric contents reflex into lungs due to fistula btwn <span class=cloze>esophagus and distal 3rd of trachea</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-f75215564178e34a05bf0f667d30641c53a8da24.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Prior to birth there is an ncrsd vol of amniotic fluid.<div>Amniotic fluid is normly swallowed by fetus and resorbed in <span class=cloze>intestines</span>, but in these infants the swallowed fluid is blocked from entering the <span class=cloze>intestines</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Due to fistula</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Resp bud branches repeatedly forming bronchial and lungs buds which cont to branch into smaller channels, ending in <span class=cloze>alveolilind sacs</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-9309db87ac1ee1d6b823f8b32b51427392ed7590.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Hepatocytes, bile ducts (intra/extrahepatic) and epithelial lining</span> of gall bladder dev from buds that arise from distal foregut (future duod) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-f7e037acf8f30500411744447c216bc9a9a69f56.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Failure of biliary ducts to dev or recanalize leads to <span class=cloze>biliary atresia or stenosis</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Biliary atresia or stenosis is more likely to occur in <span class=cloze>extrahepatic</span> ducts (cystic duct or main bile duct) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>In most cases, liver transplant is reqd for survival</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Pancreas devs as dorsal&amp;ventral buds, arising from opposite sides of future <span class=cloze>duod</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Rotation of stomach&amp;duod results in migration&amp;fusion of pancreatic buds dorsally to form definitive <span class=cloze>pancreas</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Annular pancreas</span> is formed when ventral pancreatic bud splits &amp; encircles duod, constricting lumen, leading to duod stenosis/atresia <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-4d4beda1d463043cf9320674f6879ea733c52fa3.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Congenital pyloric stenosis is common malformation caused by <span class=cloze>hypertrophy</span> of smooth m of pyloric sphincter <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-4d2295a09805cbd02f9c37c0f67851374189c598.jpg""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Congenital pyloric stenosis</span> is a severe stenosis that blocks the mvmnt of food and is assocd w projectile vomiting in infant <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Occurs in 1/150 males, 1/750 females<div><img src=""image-4d2295a09805cbd02f9c37c0f67851374189c598.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Midgut begins in duod (after entrance of bile duct) and nclds <span class=cloze>2/3rds of LI, cecum, and appendix</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Midgut is connected to yolk sac thru <span class=cloze>vitelline</span> duct at site of future ileum <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> During wk5, midgut grows&amp;elongates quickly causing devg intestines herniate into <span class=cloze>vitelline duct &amp; yolk sac</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Quick dev of intestines makes them unable to fit inside abdl cavity</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Unequal accelerated growth of midgut causes herniated midgut to loop on itself forming <span class=cloze>primary intestinal</span> loop <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> During wks <span class=cloze>9-10</span>, gut returnsetracts to the now enlarged abdl cavity <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> During process of herniation&amp;retraction, midgut undergoes 270deg <span class=cloze>counter-clockwise</span> rotation <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Initially midgut w its devg <span class=cloze>SMA</span> rotates 90deg&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Final rotation of 180deg occurs as <span class=cloze>elongated</span> gut is retracted back into abdl cavity <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Rotation dramatically changes relationships and shapes of different parts of <span class=cloze>intestines</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-1fafcd27df1ad02e62a9c825abe803a920e31b5a.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Failure of gut to <span class=cloze>rotate</span> is relatively common malrotation of intestines <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Malrotation of intestines is asymptomatic unless <span class=cloze>intestines</span> bcm twisted &amp; <span class=cloze>sma</span> bcms obstructed <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Infarcted region of intestines can bcm gangrenous</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <img src=""image-40d2fbebcc1246019c6bf73c612d58135ca94915.jpg""><span class=cloze>atresia vs stenosis</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> 3 defective seps of midgut from yolk sac&amp;umbilicus:<div>- <span class=cloze>omphalocele</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>gastroschisis</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>meckel’s diverticulum</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Omphalocoele</span> occurs when midgut loops fail to return to abdl cavity during wk 6-10 <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-a9095ce750a7845e97e3a982458038186981916d.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Omphalocoele patients r infants that r born w intestines in <span class=cloze>umbilical</span> sac, covered by amniotic memb <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Omphalocoele is often assocd w <span class=cloze>neural tube, cardiac defects, and chromosomal abnormalities</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Gastroschisis</span> is caused by defective lat folding of embryo in wks 3-4 <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Often associated w malrotation<img src=""image-a9095ce750a7845e97e3a982458038186981916d.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> In Gastroschisis, ventral abd wall is weak &amp; viscera (intestines&amp;neighboring organs) herniate into <span class=cloze>amniotic cavity</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Herniate usually right of umbilicus</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Merkels diverticulum</span> is the abdnormal persistence of vitelline duct and its connection to ileum <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Merkels diverticulum is the most common malformation of <span class=cloze>SI</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Merkels diverticulum consists of an out pocketing from ileum connected to umbilicus by a <span class=cloze>fibrous</span> cord or an open <span class=cloze>fistula</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Meckels diverticulum can b lined by <span class=cloze>intestinal, stomach, or pancreatic</span> tissue <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Meckels diverticulum is usually asymp but can lead to <span class=cloze>inflamm, bleeding, obstruction, and perforation</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Bleeding if tissue secretes acid<img src=""image-7704094379ae6f6f1145045a0a6443db7527c1bd.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hindgut gives rise to lining eptih of <span class=cloze>distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and upper part of anal canal</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Cloaca is the dilated portion of hindgut that bcms divided by urorectal septum into <span class=cloze>anorectal canal &amp; urogenital sinus</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Urogenital sinus is future urethra, urinary bladder, lower vagina<img src=""image-3d27879816c76155e2570828e84d931aba0b11b3.jpg""><img src=""image-8deeabbd7445315a41c349574089345fe39d00ee.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> failure of urorectal septum to div cloaca properly can lead to abnorm openings btwn <span class=cloze>rectum, urethra, and vagina</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-710f9568a883d8567a78c2552264a9ab3656e59b.png""></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> <span class=cloze>Congenital megacolon/hirschsprungs</span> disease is caused by defective neural crest migration of psymp neurons into portion of colon and rectum <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Psymp neurons = auerbach &amp; meissner plexus</div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Congenital megacolon leads to defective smooth m contraction &amp; constriction of <span class=cloze>colon&amp;rectum</span> portion of bowel <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Congenital megacolon is the most common cause of <span class=cloze>neonatal</span> obstruction of colon <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Foregut derivatives of pharyngeal gut include <span class=cloze>pharynx (and derivatives) and respiratory primordia</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Foregut includes: 5<div>- <span class=cloze>esophagus</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>duodenum (to bile duct)</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>pancreas</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>liver</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>gall bladder</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Blood supply of foregut = <span class=cloze>celiac trunk</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Psymp of foregut =&nbsp;<span class=cloze>vagus</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Preganglionic symp nnerv of foregut = <span class=cloze>greater splanchnic t5-9</span> ns <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Postganglionic symp nnerv of foregut = <span class=cloze>celiac ganglion</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Midgut derivs include: 7<div>- <span class=cloze>lower duod</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>jej</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>ileum</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>cecum</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>appendix</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>ascending colon</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>proximal 2/3 of transverse colon</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Blood supply of midgut = <span class=cloze>SMA</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Psymp nnerv of midgut = <span class=cloze>vagus</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Preganglionic symp nnerv of midgut = <span class=cloze>lesser splanchnic t10-11</span> ns <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Postganglionic symp nnerv of midgut = <span class=cloze>SMG</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Hindgut derivs ncld:<div>- <span class=cloze>distal 1/3 trnasverse colon</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>descending colon</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>sigmoid colon</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>rectum</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>upper part of anal canal</span></div><div>- lower portion of some urogenital derivatives</div><div>— <span class=cloze>urinary bladder</span></div><div>— <span class=cloze>urethra</span></div><div>— <span class=cloze>lower 1/3 of vesituble of vagina</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Blood supply of hindgut = <span class=cloze>IMA</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Psymp nnerv of hindgut = <span class=cloze>pelvic splanchnic s2-4</span> ns <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Preganglionic symp innerv of hindgut = <span class=cloze>lumbar splanchnic L1-2</span> ns <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Postganglionic symp nnerv hindgut = <span class=cloze>IMG</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Surface ectoderm forms lower portion of <span class=cloze>anal canal</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Epithelial lining of GI tract formed by endoderm:<div>Foregut - to <span class=cloze>bile duct</span></div><div>Midgut - to rest of <span class=cloze>SI</span>, 2/3 of <span class=cloze>transverse colon</span></div><div>Hindgut - into <span class=cloze>anal canal</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Buds of GI tube from endoderm:<div>- <span class=cloze>respiratory system</span></div><div>— <span class=cloze>lung bud (trachea, bronchi, lungs)</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>liver</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>gall bladder</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>pancreas</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Lower GU from endoderm:<div>- <span class=cloze>hindgut</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>cloaca</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>urogenital sinus (urinary bladder, urethra)</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""image-b78fcdc14a7dc20f607b5fdc81909afbbd1fc3cb.png""><br></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Oral cavity is lined by <span class=cloze>stratified squamous</span> epith for protection w underlying <span class=cloze>lamina propria</span> (CT) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> 3 Specialized structs in oral cavity ncld:<div>- <span class=cloze>lingual papillae of tongue</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>taste buds</span></div><div>- <span class=cloze>teeth</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"

"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div> Most common cancer of oral cavity is <span class=cloze>squamous cell carcinoma</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"