Chapter 7 Gram Positive Bacillus

Bacillius are gram-  bacilli

Most are   or  ; Motile
except  

Bacillis is catalase  

Bacillius are   outside of host - protein capsule develops following attachment

Transmission
(1) Direct contact with   (through skin) – bacteria enters
wounds or cracks in the skin
(2) Foodborne: Ingestion of   (rare)
(3) Airborne: Inhalation of  

What is the progression of anthrax?
  to   to   to  

Pulmonary antharax is alos known as disease

UNQIUE TO BACILLUIS ANTHRACIS is a  

Anthrax toxin is an  . The vaccine is made against the  .

  of the anthrax tosin causes increase of adenylate cyclase, which increases CAMP

Lethal factor are proteases that leave   pathway proteins and induce  secretion - induces cell death of macrophages and endothelial cells

For  antharax, it occurs 1-7 days after spores. Lower mortality rate the respiratory

Bacillus anthracis is   on blood agar

Bacillus anthracis is catalase  

Serology allows for detection of Ig against  or  

Antigen detection and PCR allows for flouresent Ig that detects antigens of  

The primary virulence factor for anthrax toxin is  , which binds to anthrax toxin receptor on the host cell surface. Edema factor is also present and acts on  to increase 

Anthrax toxin also has   that cleaves MAPK pathway proteains and induces TNF alpha secretion and cell death of macrophages and endothelial cells

Bacillus cercus causes   disease and   disease

Eneric disease due to bacillus cerus is due to consuption of foods contaminated with toxin (not   or  )

The main virulence factor for bacillus cerus is emetic toxin (cereulide). It is heat and pH resistence, It induces  , which leads to   nerve   Not   (not good for vaccine development)

For emetic disease, its primarily the   you eat. For diarrheal disease, it's primary the  

The virulence factor for bacillus cerus called enterotoxin is an   – toxin adds ADP
(adenosine diphosphate) ribose to a G protein =
stimulates adenylate cyclase resulting in   of cAMP

B. cerus has . It will grow of   if salt is removed. It will also grow and ferment  . The media is called  (polymyrixn pyruvate mannitol bromothymol blue)

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a faculative anaerobe that is pleomorphic ( )

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is able to colonize the  ,  ,  , and urogenital tract

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is airborne and involves contaminated  

Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes
  pharyngitis –  ,
 ,  
Evolves into a   over the
tonsils and throat

Dpitheria toxin is lysogenic phage-encoded toxin. B subunit to the   epidermal growth factor receptor. A subunit is released once taken up in an endosome in the host cell
A subunit ADP-ribosylates 
  can no longer aid translocation of the ribosomes along the mRNA =
protein synthesis inhibited (leads to cell death)

Diagnostic of C. diphtheriae is
  hemolysis (eliminates streptococci)
  is reduced to tellurium
within the Corynebacterium producing
 coloration of the colony

Listeria monocytogenes
Characteristics
• Facultative Anaerobe; Coccobacillus;
Motile;  

Listeria monocytogenes is   hemolytic (narrow zone of hemolysis
around the colonies)

  found in intestinal tract of many animals
(poultry, cattle, sheep), plants and soil

Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes
o Foodborne: Contaminated food
(unpasteurized milk, cheeses,
contaminated ice cream, raw vegetables,
raw meat, ready-to-eat cold cuts)
o Congenital to newborn (during
 

Listeria monocytogenes cuases   in adults.

INTRAUTERINE Listerosis
 Acquired 
   – usually results in
death/miscarriage, premature delivery or sepsis
during the peripartum period

NEONATAL
 Acquired during birth or breast feeding
 Mother = asymptomatic or flu-like illness (fever,
myalgia, headache, cough, sore throat, fatigue)
 Newborn (1-4 wks) =   and/or  ; impact upon
development

Two two important virulence factors for listeria monocytiogenes are  and  

  allows for the adherence to enterocytes, phagocytes, and other cells.
It reogranizes   in the infected cell to propel bacteria into adjacent host cell

Listeriolysin O
Degrades   for bacterial escape into the host
 

L. monocytogens
Gram stain of blood or CSF = Gram- 
bacillus (  – short, thick and
evenly stained)

L. monocytogenes  Small gray colonies
 Hemolysis pattern ( – narrow zone)

Fermentation test for L. monocytogenes ferments  

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Microaerophilic, encapsulated Gram- bacilli
(pleomorphic and form filaments), non-motile

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
is   –
cutaneous infection develops after inoculation of an
abrasion or puncture wound during handling
contaminated   or  

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from  , ,  ,  ,
  and   at greatest risk

Dryspidelothrix has high colonization in   and   – 
disease common

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is 

ERYSIPELOID
Painful, itchy lesion – usually on the  r or
 
No 

E. rhusiopathiae
-Is a 
- 
-Sugar  and 
production
-Positive for   (makes a black  

Norcardia is a gram positive bacteria, but it is  

Norcardia is similar to Mycobacterium because they both have  

Trehalose is linked to two molecuels of mycolic acid (called  factor)

Although it is not a fungus, norcadia has   that protude upward from the surface of colonies

Norcarida Causes
 disease – inhalation of bacteria; colonization in upper
respiratory tract then aspiration of oral secretions to lower airway
  disease – traumatic introduction of bacteria into
subcutaneous tissues OR hematogenous spread from infected
lung

Norcardia causes the formation of  

Cord factor (trehalose 6-6’ dimycolate)
• Prevents  
• Prevents   of the phagolysosome (acid hydrolase
activation)
• Result – bacteria resides and replicates in the phagosome of
macrophages

  NOCARDIOSIS
 Occurs in immunocompromised patients –
bronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscess
 Fever
 Cough
 Difficulty breathing
 Cavitation can occur and spread into the pleura
 1/3 of patients have hematogenous spread to
  (meningitis and/or brain abscess)

Norcardia =   agar (makes small white colonies and areal hyphae)