Chapter 10

Two types of synapse?
  and  

Gap junctions often found where? Bidirectional or unidirectional?
a.Found in   +  
b. 

What are gap junctions made up of?
a.   pores = connexons

What are the three chemical synapses? Bidirectional or unidirectional?
a.  ,  , and  membrane
b.  

How are neurotransmitters released?
  dependent   at the   membrane on  

** What determines the concentration of neurotransmitter released?
a. Extracellular  

What does the presence of Ca2+ do?
Causes   with the  . Neurotransmitters than bind to proteins on  .

***What are the 3 criteria for neurotransmitter?
1. Must be present in  
2. Must be released by  
3.   receptors must be present

How are small neurotransmitters sent? Large?
Small are packages into small  vesicles
Peptides are synthesized in  and  , dense core vesicles

What are Ionotropic receptors?
= change in   =  

What are Metabotropic?
= change in ion conductance using   =  

Types of Ionotropic receptors: Cation channels produce? Anion channels produce?
  channels produce fast  .  produce fast  

What is EPSP summation?
a.Neurons add   to produce   using  and  summation

What is a local potential?
a. Result from neurotransmitters binding to receptors that cause a change of charge across  

What are the two outcomes of local potentials? How are the summed?
a.   = postsynaptic potential ( )
b.  = postsynaptic potential ( )
c. Summed BOTH   and  

EPSP and IPSP are associated with what (depolarization or hyperpolarization)?
a.EPSP =  , IPSP =  

What do excitatory neurotransmitters do? What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do?
Excitatory = creates , stimulate  
Inhibitory = creates  ,   probability that neuron shows  

What do glutamate and glycine do?
They stimulate  , producing  

What are examples of inhibitory neurotrasmitters?
 

Difference between behavioral vs. neural effects?
Something can inhibit part of the  but cause   in person’s behavior

Where is acetylcholine found? What are the types of receptors? What is it needed for Too much or too little?
a.Found in organs of  
b.  (excitatory),  (excitatory and inhibitory)
c.Excitation or inhibition of  , movement of ,  
d.Too much =  
e.Too little =  

Where is norepinephrine found? What are the two types? What is the effect of too much or too little?
a. Found in  ,  ,  
b.  and  
c. Too much =  
d. Too little = u 

Where is dopamine found? How many types? Overall effect? Too much? Too little?
a.Found in  
b.  subtypes
c.  EFFECT
d.Too little =   disease (give  )

Where is serotonin (5HT) found? What are the subtypes? Overall effects? Too little? Too much?
a.Found in   and  
b.  AND  
c.Too little =   and  
d.Too much =  – which causes  , ,  ,  

What is GABA? What do GABA receptors respond to? What do benzodiazepines mimic? Too much causes? Too little causes?
a. Main   neurotransmitters
b. Respond to  
c.   mimic or act like GABA
d. Too much =  
e. Too little =  

What is glutamate? What condition is it significant for? What is its main role in the condition it causes?
a.   neurotransmitter
b. Significant role in  
c. Disrupts  

What is glycine? How does it function? What prevents its function?
a.  neurotransmitter
b. Regulates  
c.   poisoning

What is a neuromodulator? How do they work?
a. Does not directly excite or inhibit   neuron
b. They alter response of  

What do endorphins do?
Regulate   and feeling of  

What does substance P do?
a. Involves sensitivity to  

What does neuropeptide Y do?
a.  functions, esp  

What type of neurotransmitter is nitric oxide? What does it do? What is a clinical example?
a.  neurotransmitter
b.Influences   release of NT
c. = increases nitric oxides ability to  blood vessels

What do neurotransmitters bind to?
  receptors called   proteins.

How do neurotransmitters open ion channels?
a. Directly gating ion channels (  receptors)
b.Secondary messengers ( )

What are cation channels lined by? What do they allow to enter? What type of transmitters (excitatory or inhibitory) open?
a. Lined by   change
b. Allow   to enter
c.  transmitters open them

What are anion channels lined by? What do they allow to enter? What type of transmitters (excitatory or inhibitory)open?
a. Lined by   charge
b. Allows  
c.   transmitters close them

What are the 6 ways that neurotransmitter release is manipulated?
a. Change in  
b.   rate
c. Alters  
d. Alters  
e.   (  inhibitors)
f. Blocks and   of receptors (mimics  )

What is the structure of a G Protein-Coupled receptor? How does it work? Compared to ligand ion gated channels they are (slower or faster, shorter or longer lasting)
a. Has  ,  ,   subunit
b. Opens   channels, activates enzymes that synthesize  
c.   and  

How do secondary messengers function?
1.Opens  or  
2. Activation of  
3. Activation of one or more 
4. Activation of  

How do neurotransmitters get removed from the synapse?
1.  
2.  
3.  
4.  
5.  

What are M1 and M3 coupled with?
a.  

What do M1 receptors promote?
Depolarization of   (slow  )

What do M3 receptors do (3 things)?
a. Promote contraction of  , increase secretion in ,   production

What are M2 receptors? What is the clinical correlation?
a. Are a   that causes a decrease in  , inhibition of voltage gated  , and increasing  (cause   – slow  )
b. M2 muscarinic receptors in heart act to  

The neuromuscular junction is related to what type of receptor?
a.   receptor

What is the effect of a decrease in M1 and M2?
 ,  , and  

What is Myasthenia Gravis? What makes better? Worse? What MOA is impacted? What remains normal and why?
a. Autoimmune disease at   where there are antibodies against  
b.Worse with  , improves with  

What MOA is impacted in Myathenia Gravia? What remains normal and why?
a.   of  : Antibodies against presynaptic voltage-gated  prevent acetylcholine release
b.   remains normal because it is related to   receptor

What does Beta 1 do? Beta 2?
a.Beta 1 = increased  , Beta 2=