Chapter 11 Sensory Receptor and Transd
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1
1.What is a mechanoreceptor?
Mechanical or
Mechanical or
1.What is a mechanoreceptor?
Mechanical compression or stretching
Mechanical compression or stretching
2
What are thermoreceptors?
Changes in
Changes in
What are thermoreceptors?
Changes in temperature
Changes in temperature
3
What are nociceptors?
receptors
receptors
What are nociceptors?
Pain receptors
Pain receptors
4
Electromagnetic receptors?
Light on the
Light on the
Electromagnetic receptors?
Light on the retina of eye
Light on the retina of eye
5
What are chemoreceptors?
a. Detect factors that make up
a. Detect factors that make up
What are chemoreceptors?
a. Detect factors that make up chemistry of body
a. Detect factors that make up chemistry of body
6
Where are photoreactors?
and of the retina
and of the retina
Where are photoreactors?
Rods and cones of the retina
Rods and cones of the retina
7
What are the rods in the eye?
Provide ability to see and in
Provide ability to see and in
What are the rods in the eye?
Provide ability to see black and white in low light
Provide ability to see black and white in low light
8
What is a sensory transducer? 5 examples?
a.Environmental signals that can be detected include , , , , and
b. , , , ,
a.Environmental signals that can be detected include , , , , and
b. , , , ,
What is a sensory transducer? 5 examples?
a.Environmental signals that can be detected include mechanical force, light, sound, chemical, and temp
b. Mechanoreceptors, hair cells, baroreceptors, joint receptors, Pacinian
a.Environmental signals that can be detected include mechanical force, light, sound, chemical, and temp
b. Mechanoreceptors, hair cells, baroreceptors, joint receptors, Pacinian
9
What is the function of sensory receptors?
a.
a.
What is the function of sensory receptors?
a.Transduction
a.Transduction
10
What is transduction?
a. The conversion of one form of to another
a. The conversion of one form of to another
What is transduction?
a. The conversion of one form of energy to another
a. The conversion of one form of energy to another
11
How does sensory transduction work?
It converts the energy of into changes in . These are called
It converts the energy of into changes in . These are called
How does sensory transduction work?
It converts the energy of sensory stimulus into changes in membrane potential. These are called “receptor potentials”
It converts the energy of sensory stimulus into changes in membrane potential. These are called “receptor potentials”
12
What does a receptor potential do?
a.Resembles because they are (vary in size – ) that cause opening and closing
a.Resembles because they are (vary in size – ) that cause opening and closing
What does a receptor potential do?
a.Resembles post synaptic potentials because they are graded potentials (vary in size – aren’t all or nothing) that cause opening and closing
a.Resembles post synaptic potentials because they are graded potentials (vary in size – aren’t all or nothing) that cause opening and closing
13
13.What are receptor potentials trigger by?
a. and
a. and
13.What are receptor potentials trigger by?
a.Sensory stimuli and action potential
a.Sensory stimuli and action potential
14
What happens when the receptor is stimulated?
a. Changes in
b. Stronger the stimulus = greater change in = larger
a. Changes in
b. Stronger the stimulus = greater change in = larger
What happens when the receptor is stimulated?
a. Changes in membrane permeability
b. Stronger the stimulus = greater change in permeability = larger receptor potential
a. Changes in membrane permeability
b. Stronger the stimulus = greater change in permeability = larger receptor potential
15
What is receptor adaptation?
a. A special characteristic of
b. They are able to adapt, either or
a. A special characteristic of
b. They are able to adapt, either or
What is receptor adaptation?
a. A special characteristic of all sensory receptors
b. They are able to adapt, either fully or partially
a. A special characteristic of all sensory receptors
b. They are able to adapt, either fully or partially
16
What are slowly adapting receptors called?
a.
b. Continue to to the brain
c. Tonic receptors include , , and
a.
b. Continue to to the brain
c. Tonic receptors include , , and
What are slowly adapting receptors called?
a. Tonic
b. Continue to transmit impulses to the brain
c. Tonic receptors include muscle spindles, pressure receptors, and slow pain receptors
a. Tonic
b. Continue to transmit impulses to the brain
c. Tonic receptors include muscle spindles, pressure receptors, and slow pain receptors
17
What are rapidly adapting (phasic receptors)? Examples?
a. Phasic receptors adapt by actional potential frequency
b. ,
a. Phasic receptors adapt by actional potential frequency
b. ,
What are rapidly adapting (phasic receptors)? Examples?
a. Phasic receptors adapt QUICKLY by decreasing actional potential frequency
b. Olfactory, Pacinian
a. Phasic receptors adapt QUICKLY by decreasing actional potential frequency
b. Olfactory, Pacinian
18
What is adaptation?
a. Sensory receptors adapt and
b. Tonic receptors: as long as present
c. Phasic receptors: rapidly in response to constant stimulus
a. Sensory receptors adapt and
b. Tonic receptors: as long as present
c. Phasic receptors: rapidly in response to constant stimulus
What is adaptation?
a. Sensory receptors adapt and change frequency AP generation
b. Tonic receptors: continue to generate AP as long as stimulus present
c. Phasic receptors: rapidly decrease frequency of AP generation in response to constant stimulus
a. Sensory receptors adapt and change frequency AP generation
b. Tonic receptors: continue to generate AP as long as stimulus present
c. Phasic receptors: rapidly decrease frequency of AP generation in response to constant stimulus
19
What is visceral pain?
a. Pain that is felt further from , also called
a. Pain that is felt further from , also called
What is visceral pain?
a. Pain that is felt further from actual origin, also called referred pain
a. Pain that is felt further from actual origin, also called referred pain
20
What are visceral receptors?
a.Detect stimuli that arise and transmit info to the by visceral afferents ( , , )
a.Detect stimuli that arise and transmit info to the by visceral afferents ( , , )
What are visceral receptors?
a.Detect stimuli that arise within the body and transmit info to the CNS by visceral afferents (chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, mechanoreceptors)
a.Detect stimuli that arise within the body and transmit info to the CNS by visceral afferents (chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, mechanoreceptors)
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Where are chemoreceptors found?
Found in , , ,
Found in , , ,
Where are chemoreceptors found?
Found in major blood vessels, O2, Co2, H+
Found in major blood vessels, O2, Co2, H+
22
Where are baroreceptors found? What do they do?
Found in ,
Found in ,
Where are baroreceptors found? What do they do?
Found in blood vessels, monitor pressure
Found in blood vessels, monitor pressure
23
Where are mechanoreceptors found?
Found in and monitor /
Found in and monitor /
Where are mechanoreceptors found?
Found in GI tract and monitor stretch/distension
Found in GI tract and monitor stretch/distension
24
What is the difference between somatic and visceral pain? Why?
Somatic pain is , later . Visceral pain is and . Because nociceptors are more distributed than in structures
Somatic pain is , later . Visceral pain is and . Because nociceptors are more distributed than in structures
What is the difference between somatic and visceral pain? Why?
Somatic pain is initially sharp, later burning. Visceral pain is poorly localized and dull. Because nociceptors are more sparsely distributed than in somatic structures
Somatic pain is initially sharp, later burning. Visceral pain is poorly localized and dull. Because nociceptors are more sparsely distributed than in somatic structures
25
What is the relationship between diameter and conduction velocity? Exceptions?
a. They are
b. and have a diameter, but conduction velocity is still
a. They are
b. and have a diameter, but conduction velocity is still
What is the relationship between diameter and conduction velocity? Exceptions?
a. They are PROPORTIONAL
b. A-delta and B-delta have a small diameter, but conduction velocity is still medium
a. They are PROPORTIONAL
b. A-delta and B-delta have a small diameter, but conduction velocity is still medium
26
What is the Romberg test? Negative test indicates what?
a.Ask patient to and stand with If eyes are closed, and input of cerebellum being tested. If normal, patient should be able to their balance.
i. Indicates
a.Ask patient to and stand with If eyes are closed, and input of cerebellum being tested. If normal, patient should be able to their balance.
i. Indicates
What is the Romberg test? Negative test indicates what?
a.Ask patient to close eyes and stand with feet together. If eyes are closed, vestibular and proprioceptive input of cerebellum being tested. If normal, patient should be able to maintain their balance.
i. Indicates primary cerebellar disease
a.Ask patient to close eyes and stand with feet together. If eyes are closed, vestibular and proprioceptive input of cerebellum being tested. If normal, patient should be able to maintain their balance.
i. Indicates primary cerebellar disease
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What is a stimulus?
A detectable by the body
A detectable by the body
What is a stimulus?
A change detectable by the body
A change detectable by the body
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What is a modality?
The of a stimulus
The of a stimulus
What is a modality?
The energy form of a stimulus
The energy form of a stimulus
29
What is an adequate stimulus?
The modality to which a receptor
The modality to which a receptor
What is an adequate stimulus?
The modality to which a receptor best responds
The modality to which a receptor best responds
30
What is the role of the anterior hypothalamus?
Regulates , , , and
Regulates , , , and
What is the role of the anterior hypothalamus?
Regulates body temp, core body temp, reflexes, vasodilation and sweating
Regulates body temp, core body temp, reflexes, vasodilation and sweating
31
What is the role of the posterior hypothalamus?
a. Controls producing reflexes, such as s
b.
a. Controls producing reflexes, such as s
b.
What is the role of the posterior hypothalamus?
a. Controls heat producing reflexes, such as shiver
b. Vasoconstriction
a. Controls heat producing reflexes, such as shiver
b. Vasoconstriction
32
What is a receptive field?
a. An area of which an can produce a . A receptor will only to transduce signal that is applied to its
a. An area of which an can produce a . A receptor will only to transduce signal that is applied to its
What is a receptive field?
a. An area of which an adequate stimulus can produce a response. A receptor will only to transduce signal that is applied to its restricted area.
a. An area of which an adequate stimulus can produce a response. A receptor will only to transduce signal that is applied to its restricted area.
33
What does an increased firing rate indicate? Decreased?
Field is or , respectively
Field is or , respectively
What does an increased firing rate indicate? Decreased?
Field is excitatory or inhibitory, respectively
Field is excitatory or inhibitory, respectively
34
What is an example of a receptive field in the skin?
on any area of the skin where are located can the neuron
on any area of the skin where are located can the neuron
What is an example of a receptive field in the skin?
Vibration on any area of the skin where corpuscles are located can depolarize the afferent neuron
Vibration on any area of the skin where corpuscles are located can depolarize the afferent neuron
35
How does neurotransmission move?
Receptor to -> -> ->
Receptor to -> -> ->
How does neurotransmission move?
Receptor to spinal cord (first order) -> brainstem (second order) -> thalamus -> cerebral cortex (third order)
Receptor to spinal cord (first order) -> brainstem (second order) -> thalamus -> cerebral cortex (third order)
36
What is a first order neuron?
neuron that transmits formation from the to
neuron that transmits formation from the to
What is a first order neuron?
Afferent neuron that transmits formation from the periphery to CNS
Afferent neuron that transmits formation from the periphery to CNS
37
What is a second order neuron?
that transmit info to the
that transmit info to the
What is a second order neuron?
Interneurons that transmit info to the thalamus
Interneurons that transmit info to the thalamus
38
What is a third order neuron?
Transmits info to the where occurs
Transmits info to the where occurs
What is a third order neuron?
Transmits info to the cerebral cortex where sensory perception occurs
Transmits info to the cerebral cortex where sensory perception occurs
39
What 4 things does the somatosensory system include?
Sensation of , , , and
Sensation of , , , and
What 4 things does the somatosensory system include?
Sensation of touch, movement, temperature, and pain
Sensation of touch, movement, temperature, and pain
40
What are the two pathways of the somatosensory system?
a. and
a. and
What are the two pathways of the somatosensory system?
a. Dorsal Column and Anterolateral
a. Dorsal Column and Anterolateral
41
What structure in the brain controls the sensation of the somatosensory system?
(somatosensory switchboard = )
(somatosensory switchboard = )
What structure in the brain controls the sensation of the somatosensory system?
Thalamus (somatosensory switchboard = thalamus)
Thalamus (somatosensory switchboard = thalamus)
42
What structure in the brain controls for motor movement function?
a.
a.
What structure in the brain controls for motor movement function?
a. Cortex
a. Cortex
43
43. What is the dorsal column system (DCS) medial leminscal pathway?
touch, , , , and
touch, , , , and
43. What is the dorsal column system (DCS) medial leminscal pathway?
Fine touch, pressure, proprioception, two-point discrimination, and vibration
Fine touch, pressure, proprioception, two-point discrimination, and vibration
44
Where does decussation of the DCS occur? Loss below causes what type of damage? Loss above causes what type of damage?
Medulla:
a. Loss below causes
b. Loss above causes
Medulla:
a. Loss below causes
b. Loss above causes
Where does decussation of the DCS occur? Loss below causes what type of damage? Loss above causes what type of damage?
Medulla:
a. Loss below causes IPSILATERAL LOSS
b. Loss above causes CONTRALATERAL LOSS
Medulla:
a. Loss below causes IPSILATERAL LOSS
b. Loss above causes CONTRALATERAL LOSS
45
What is the impact of a lesion of DCS? Why does it only impact that side?
Lesion of the DCS causes in fine touch, , , and on of body. It is only because the DCS don’t cross until
Lesion of the DCS causes in fine touch, , , and on of body. It is only because the DCS don’t cross until
What is the impact of a lesion of DCS? Why does it only impact that side?
Lesion of the DCS causes deficit in fine touch, proprioception, two point-discrimination, and vibration on ipsilateral side of body. It is only ipsilateral because the DCS don’t cross midline until medulla.
Lesion of the DCS causes deficit in fine touch, proprioception, two point-discrimination, and vibration on ipsilateral side of body. It is only ipsilateral because the DCS don’t cross midline until medulla.
46
What is tabes dorsalis?
a.
b. Neurons in the are destroyed (degeneration of )
a.
b. Neurons in the are destroyed (degeneration of )
What is tabes dorsalis?
a. Late-stage syphilis
b. Neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are destroyed (degeneration of myelinated fibers)
a. Late-stage syphilis
b. Neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are destroyed (degeneration of myelinated fibers)
47
What type of vitamin deficiency can lead to a lesion of DCS?
deficiency, which leads to , which leads to and . is usually involved.
deficiency, which leads to , which leads to and . is usually involved.
What type of vitamin deficiency can lead to a lesion of DCS?
Cobalamin 12 deficiency, which leads to pernicious anemia, which leads to demyelination and axonal degermation. DCS is usually involved.
Cobalamin 12 deficiency, which leads to pernicious anemia, which leads to demyelination and axonal degermation. DCS is usually involved.
48
What is the system (spinothalamic)?
, ,
, ,
What is the anterolateral system (spinothalamic)?
Pain, temp, crude touch
Pain, temp, crude touch
49
Does the anterolateral system cross the midline at the thalamus?
Yes it does. Tracts to the .
Yes it does. Tracts to the .
Does the anterolateral system cross the midline at the thalamus?
Yes it does. Tracts to the contralateral thalamus.
Yes it does. Tracts to the contralateral thalamus.
50
What types of symptoms do lesions of the ALS cause?
a. Deficits in pain, temp, and crude touch on the side
a. Deficits in pain, temp, and crude touch on the side
What types of symptoms do lesions of the ALS cause?
a. Deficits in pain, temp, and crude touch on the CONTRALATERAL side
a. Deficits in pain, temp, and crude touch on the CONTRALATERAL side
51
What is the site of decussation of the ALS (spinothalamic)?
At the level of the spinal cord, result in of sensation
(BASICALLY FOR ALSO, it is ALWAYS . For DCS, it depends on whether you are or below the )
At the level of the spinal cord, result in of sensation
(BASICALLY FOR ALSO, it is ALWAYS . For DCS, it depends on whether you are or below the )
What is the site of decussation of the ALS (spinothalamic)?
At the level of the spinal cord, result in contralateral loss of sensation
(BASICALLY FOR ALSO, it is ALWAYS contralateral. For DCS, it depends on whether you are above or below the medulla)
At the level of the spinal cord, result in contralateral loss of sensation
(BASICALLY FOR ALSO, it is ALWAYS contralateral. For DCS, it depends on whether you are above or below the medulla)
52
What is sensory coding?
Allows the nervous system to identify the , , and of stimulus acting on sensory receptor
Allows the nervous system to identify the , , and of stimulus acting on sensory receptor
What is sensory coding?
Allows the nervous system to identify the type, strength, and location of stimulus acting on sensory receptor
Allows the nervous system to identify the type, strength, and location of stimulus acting on sensory receptor
53
How is stimulus intensity coded?
By the frequency of and
By the frequency of and
How is stimulus intensity coded?
By the frequency of action potentials and number of receptors
By the frequency of action potentials and number of receptors
54
Is frequency coding is a (stronger/weaker receptor potential?
a.
a.
Is frequency coding is a (stronger/weaker receptor potential?
a. Stronger
a. Stronger
55
What is population coding?
A stronger stimulus activates a of receptors and these receptors associate with a single neuron
A stronger stimulus activates a of receptors and these receptors associate with a single neuron
What is population coding?
A stronger stimulus activates a greater number of receptors and these receptors associate with a single afferent neuron
A stronger stimulus activates a greater number of receptors and these receptors associate with a single afferent neuron
56
What is a dermatome? What type of condition do dermatomes provide info about?
Innervation from a single and its spinal nerve called a . Tells you if there is a .
Innervation from a single and its spinal nerve called a . Tells you if there is a .
What is a dermatome? What type of condition do dermatomes provide info about?
Innervation from a single DORSAL ROOT GANGLION and its spinal nerve called a DERMATOME. Tells you if there is a spinal lesion.
Innervation from a single DORSAL ROOT GANGLION and its spinal nerve called a DERMATOME. Tells you if there is a spinal lesion.
57
Dermatomes
58
How is shingles related to dermatome?
Shingles infection is infection of sensory nerve by . Lays dormant in for many years.
Shingles infection is infection of sensory nerve by . Lays dormant in for many years.
How is shingles related to dermatome?
Shingles infection is infection of sensory nerve by chicken pox. Lays dormant in DORSAL ROOT GANGLION for many years.
Shingles infection is infection of sensory nerve by chicken pox. Lays dormant in DORSAL ROOT GANGLION for many years.
59
What is sciatica? How is it related to dermatomes?
Is a general term that refers to that . Causes
Is a general term that refers to that . Causes
What is sciatica? How is it related to dermatomes?
Is a general term that refers to back pain that radiates down leg. Causes dermatomal pain
Is a general term that refers to back pain that radiates down leg. Causes dermatomal pain
60
What does POMC encode for?
What does POMC encode for?
Beta endorphin
Beta endorphin
61
What does PENK encode for?
and
and
What does PENK encode for?
Met-enkephalin and leuenkephalin
Met-enkephalin and leuenkephalin
62
What does PDYN encode for?
What does PDYN encode for?
Prodynorphin
Prodynorphin
63
What are opioid receptors?
Inhibitory that act by
Inhibitory that act by
What are opioid receptors?
Inhibitory metabotropic receptors that act by decreasing cAMP
Inhibitory metabotropic receptors that act by decreasing cAMP