1Four clownfish individuals of the species Premnas biaculeatus live in a single anemone. Alex measures 12 cm, Blaine is 22 cm, Casey is 18 cm, and DJ is 10 cm. Which one is most likely the breeding male?
Casey
2Which of the following pairs of items does not represent distinct stages of a life cycle?
A mosquito larva and a blackfly larva
3If sexual reproduction is favored in Species X (which can reproduce both sexually and asexually) because it results in greater genetic diversity that facilitates resistance to pathogen Y, then one would predict that
in the absence of pathogen Y, outcrossing would not be favored
4The type of complex life cycle that includes both multicellular haploid (gametophyte) and multicellular diploid (sporophytes) is known as
alternation of generations
5A particular fish species' larger offspring are less vulnerable to predators. If their offspring are not eaten, then their survival and eventual reproductive success is independent of their size upon emerging from the egg. Based on this scenario, which of the following is not a reasonable prediction?
Fish living in lakes with predators produce more eggs than in lakes without predators
6Parental care is an important form of reproductive investment for some species. Which of the following is likely to be associated with a higher level of parental care
Increased offspring survival
7Suppose a fish has just reached sexual maturity and is able to produce 10 eggs per month. It can either reproduce immediately or it can continue to grow. If it continues to grow, it can increase the number of eggs it can produce by 10 per month for every month it delays reproduction. If it delays reproduction for another 6 months, it can lay _______ eggs each month. It could have produced _______ eggs if it started reproducing immediately and produced eggs for all of those six months
70; 60
8Which of the following is not a benefit provided by dispersal?
Opportunity to take advantage of generations of local adaptation
9The term "K-selection" refers to selection
in populations that tend to be close to the carrying capacity of the environment
10Suppose the average adult life span of a shorebird is 15 years, and these shorebirds reach sexual maturity at 5 years of age. Which organism would have a value of c (Charnov's dimensionless ratio) most similar to that of these birds
A turtle that reaches sexual maturity at 10 years and has an average adult life span of 30 years
11You are studying nest building in two bird species. Species A builds a long hanging nest while species B builds a short nest that sits on top of tree branches. You interbreed the birds in the lab and then examine the nests that the offspring produce. QTL analysis shows that whether a nest is built to hang or sit is affected by a single genetic locus. The length of the nest is also determined by the same genetic locus. What can you infer about the evolution of this behavior?
It is a complex behavior where different aspects of the behavior are affected by the same set of genetic instructions.
12Which of the following statements about animal foraging behavior is false?
Foraging behavior is determined entirely by an animal's genotype at relevant genetic loci.
13Suppose the net energy value of a food item is 30 kcal. The time invested in obtaining each food item is 22 s, and the time invested in processing each food item is 3 s. What is the profitability of this food source?
1.2 kcal/s
14A lizard is blown out to sea during a hurricane. This type of storm occurs very infrequently—on average once every 100 years. The lizard washes up on the beach of a small island and finds some beetles on the beach. Which of the following is not a possible scenario that could help this lizard survive on the island?
It evolves new adaptations that help it catch beetles faster.
15Considering the conceptual model of optimal foraging presented in this chapter, as cumulative energy investment in foraging increases at a constant rate
total energy eventually obtained plateau
16foraging decisions in the presence of predators?
A deer spends more time foraging in open meadow when wolves are absent
17Suppose a kestrel (a small predatory bird) is hunting a lizard. The kestrel catches the lizard by the end of its tail. The lizard would most likely.
detach its tail in an attempt to distract the kestrel while the lizard made its escape.
18Under sexual selection, individuals with certain characteristics gain advantages over others solely with respect to _______ success.
mating (reproductive)
19Based on the results of studies of stalk-eyed flies, what is one reason females preferentially mate with males with long eyestalks? Females that are choosy about which males they mate with gain
both direct and indirect benefits from their mate choice.
20In a case where critical resources are clumped in space and males provide most of the parental care, the mating system is most likely to be
polyandry
21Changes in behavior or diet triggered by stress about potential predation
can have impacts on multiple species in a food web
22The population density of ground crickets at Oldmill Farm is about 15 per square meter. Assuming that the crickets are randomly distributed, about how many crickets would you expect to find in a rectangular section of land that is 6 meters x 2 meters?
180
23The size of a population of beavers in a 5 × 5 kilometer area is 675. What is the population density (in individuals per square km)?
27
24In a mark-recapture study to estimate the size of a rodent population, researchers catch and mark 30 individuals. Two days later, they again capture a number of rodents and find that 20% of the individuals are marked. Assuming no births, deaths, or migrations, what is the estimated size of the population?
150
25A detection function is most likely to be used in
distance methods
26Which species will most likely exhibit a regular or nearly regular pattern of dispersion?
A species that competes for a limiting resource that is equally distributed in space
27Which statement about species geographic ranges is true?
Species distribution models aid scientists and policymakers in making decisions about species protection plan
28Which of the following is not a biotic feature of the environment that can limit an organism's distribution or abundance?
Rainfall
29A species limited capacity to disperse, preventing it from reaching suitable habitat, is known as
dispersal limitation
30A population of rodents contained 703 individuals at the end of March. During the month of April, 47 died, 17 were born, 57 immigrated, and 16 emigrated. What was the population size after those events?
714
31Which of the following is not an observed pattern of population growth observed in nature?
Logistic growth
32Which of the following best describes an explosion of the number of individuals in a population?
Outbreak
33In a population of three asexual lizards, each lizard has a 40% probability of not producing any offspring. What is the probability that all three lizards will produce no offspring, thus ensuring the population's extinction?
6.4%
34Due to their low density, females of a species of turtles have difficulty finding mates. As a result, the population's growth rate has been low, despite ample resources. This is an example of
an Allee effect.
35Which of the following would be an example of genetic drift
Lightning strike that kills a large part of the population
36A frog pond contained 27 adults at the beginning of spring. During the summer, 4 immigrated from a neighboring pond, 12 emigrated during the summer drought, 3 were eaten by brim, and 42 tadpoles hatched. What is the current population size of frogs in the pond?
58
37A population of rabbits reproduces in synchrony at discrete time periods each year. If the current population is 150 and its geometric population growth rate is 1.4 per year, the expected size of the population after two years will be
294
38Which statement about density-dependent or density-independent growth is true?
An increase in emigration rate with increasing population size is a density-dependent factor
39The maximum population size that can be supported indefinitely by the environment is
carrying capacity
40Life tables can be based on all of the following except
biogeographical locations of organisms.
41The rural community of Happyville has a population distribution made up of 112 individuals between the ages of 1-16, 222 individuals between 17-44, and 514 individuals over 45 years old. Based on this population distribution, without immigration or emigration, the population of Happyville would be expected to
decline over the next 50 years
42Which statement about parasitoids is false?
Parasitoid larvae do not eat the host insect.
43Many species of butterflies are noxious to predators. They also have bright red coloration that indicates to the potential predators that they are unpleasant or even harmful to eat. This is an example of _______ coloration.
aposematic
44Moths resting on the trunks of trees often resemble the tree bark so that potential predators do not perceive them as prey. This is an example of
crypsis
45Huge numbers of adult periodic cicadas emerge simultaneously from pupae at intervals of either 13 or 17 years. This phenomenon is most similar to which of the following?
masting
46Insects feeding on the leaves of a plant stimulate the plant to produce more leaves. This is an example of
compensation
47The secondary compounds that are produced by oaks to reduce herbivory are an example of a(n)
induced defense
48All of the following factors can prevent predators from driving prey to extinction except
marine extension
49How does predation and herbivory differ from parasitism and parasitoidism?
Most parasites and parasitoids spend their entire lives consuming a single individual, whereas herbivores and predators usually eat at least several different individuals.
50Which statement about predators and herbivores is true?
A broad diet is more typical of a predator than of an herbivore
51In the Lotka‒Volterra predator‒prey model, an increase in the capture efficiency (a) should lead to _______ in the long-term average number of predators and _______ in the long-term average number of prey.
a decrease; a decrease
52what is the advantage for a male cricket parasitized by hairworks to seek out water?
there is no advantage for the cricket; the cricket's behavior is advantageous only to the parasite
53which statement about enslaver parasites is false?
Only invertebrates have been enslaved by parasites.
54a bacterium that lives inside an aphid as always classified as a
symbiont
55which statement about parasite natural history is false
it is rare for a host species to have a parasite that feeds upon only that species
56a bacterium that causes rash on the skin of mammals upon infection would be classified as an
ectoparasite
57Nasonia vitripennis is a wasp roughly the size of a drosophila fly. Adult females drill wholes and lay eggs in the pupae of blowflies and related species. These eggs then hatch into larvae, which then eat the pupae. Thus, Nasonia vitripennis is a
parasitoid
58which of the flolowing could not be a hemiparasite
any heterotroph
59which statement about endoparasites is true
all parasites living in the alimentary canal are endoparasites
60which of the following is an advantage that endoparasites have over ectoparasites
ease of feeding