USA

1927-29 - 1.5 million ordinary Americans bought shares

1929 - 75% cars, 50% electrical goods

'halitosis', 1929 - 2 billion spent on advertising

Oct 1925 - Model T Ford produced every 10 seconds, original Model T - 950 dollars, 1925 - 290 dollars

1929 - 19 million fridges sold, 850 million spent on radio equipment p.a.

Henry Ford introduced the assembly line

low taxes, tariffs on foreign goods, laissez faire

factory production grew by 35% during war, supplied 30% world wheat

confident state of mind, hire-purchase, advertising, motor cars, new tech, natural resources, republican presidents, mass production, WWI

staff visited workers to teach clean and healthy living, english classes for immigrants, 5 a day wages

15 min lunch and 3 min toilet break, complain - sacked, hired thugs to identify trade unionists

Steamboat Willy 1928 - first Disney film, worth 2 billion a year, Charlie Chaplin and Gloria Swanson

Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong, Charleston and Black Bottom, F. Scott Fitzgerald called it the 'jazz age'

Gertrude Ederle - first woman to swim the channel 1926, Babe Ruth record 60 home runs, Jack Dempsey - boxing

radio adverts - Max Factor and Listerine, Amos 'n' Andy show

1920 - 8 million cars, 1929 - 23 million, visit suburban shopping centres - plans for this in Kansas City began in 1922

20% of workforce

2 in the House of Representatives 1928

10% to 17%

12% married women had jobs by end of decade, december 1927 - earned 12 less than a man each week

Clara Bow 'It Girl', 40,000 beauty parlours by 1930

proportion of women in higher education compared to men fell during 20s

rayon, prohibition began 1917

tractors in 1920 - 10 times as much as 1915, production rose by 9%

in 10 years - 1 million fewer

1920 - 568 million tonnes, 1930 - 518 million tonnes of coal, replaced by oil

only grew by 10% - slower than before

WASPs feared them

1924 'National Origins Act', 1929 Quota reduction, 1925 Border Patrol

1924, share of population in US countries could send lowered to 2%

1929, quota for immigrants outside west reduced to 150,000

1925, prevent illegal immigration

Comintern organisation in USSR promoted worldwide revolution, general strikes, mail bombs, bomb attacks

100,000 workers in Seattle

1919 - 40 mail bombs sent to important politicians and industrialists

8 cities

Attorney General, bomb attack outside his house, set up General Intelligence Division - raids

600 radicals deported, Deer Island held Boston's radicals - died from extreme cold and one committed suicide

107 confirmed alibis, other men confessed to murder of Fred Parmenter, Judge Thayer called them 'anarchist bastards'

Vanzetti previous conviction of armed robbery, ballistics expert claimed bullet matched Sacco's gun, both carrying loaded guns at time of arrest

Jim Crow laws, 1% able to go to high school, 76 lynched in 1919, white southerners tried to stop black people from voting - forced to take literacy tests from which white people were exempt

1.5 million migrated to northern cities, Harlem - New York ghetto, 1919 race riots in 24 places across the country - white workers

1915 restarted by William Simmons, divided into Klaverns, Kleagles - local leaders

1923 - 5 million, Governor of Alabama, 1929 - 200,000

fundamentalists and modernists, Butler Act - no evolution in schools, Bible Belt

John Scopes agreed to teach evolution

William Jennings-Bryan, ran for president 3 times

Clarence Darrow, lawyer, agnostic

first trial reported word for word on national radio, Butler Act remained until 1967

anti-saloon league, argued it damaged society, 1917 - around half states passed prohibition laws

one partnership of prohibition agents seized around 5 million bottles in the 20s

moonshine, speakeasies, prohibition agents, lack of public support, huge American border, gangsters

made at home, 34 deaths from wood alcohol poisoning in NYC over 4 days, industrial/medical alcohol turned into drinking

32,000 in New York

budget only 2 million, only 2,500 agents - poorly paid

cost economy 11 billion, 1929 - consumption back to 70% 1914 levels

Canadian whisky, Mexican tequila

Al Capone earned 105 million a year, 1929 St Valentine's massacre, Chicago Mayor Big Bill Thompson supported by gangsters, Al Capone arrested for income tax avoidance, loan sharks

1929 - Capone tried to kill Bugs Moran - 7 men killed

by November 1924 - 200 in Chicago

Wall Street Crash, under consumption, over production, weather, failing banks, problems in Europe, American goods

market relied on confidence of investors - weakened, bull pools encouraged inexperienced investors to speculate - artificial market growth

mid November - shares lost 26 billion in value, issue of liquidity - banks closed so businesses couldn't get loans and people lost savings

71% on low incomes, saturated market - once people had bought luxury items they wouldn't keep buying

10 times as many tractors in 20s than in 1915, rayon, prohibition

1930-31 severe drought across great plains, dust storms began in 1932 - made land unusable

20% failed, when New York banks failed - 400,000 lost savings

US lent allies money in WWI but they could not pay back - used US loans to pay off debt - had little money to buy American goods

counter tariffs, international trade 1929 - 36 billion, 3 years later - 12 billion

manufacturing wages cut by 50%, 70,000 factories shut down by 1933, Ford sacked 1/2 Detroit workers

prices 60% below 1929 level at lowest point, farmer earnings fell from 6 billion to 2 billion, couldn't pay mortgages - 1/3 lost land, dust storms - 1 million left Great Plains - 'Okies'

100,000 applied for jobs in USSR, suicide rate increased by 14% 1929-31, 24.9% unemployment 1933

1/2 black women lost jobs, elderly couldn't afford retirement - only 11 states had pension schemes, 40,000 joined 'Black Shirts' against black people in work

over 1 million men moved around in search of work, 1931 NYC gov had to try and find accomodation for 20,000 kids, rent parties - usually held by black Americans a few days before rent due

shanty towns, Seattle - Jesse Jackson declared himself mayor of the Hooverville

WWI vets promised 625 bonus in 1945, marched on Washington, 5,000 refused to go home

Congress agreed to pay for their journies home, sent police - 2 vets killed, sent army - 100 injured and 1 child killed

volunteerism, self-reliance, laissez-faire

2 billion provided by gov to rescue banks - criticised for helping banks not people

Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised prices on foreign food by 40% - other nations just did the same

National Business Survey Conference meeting of 400 business executives - made promises - broken as depression worsened

doubled federal spending on public works eg Grand Coulee Dam - federal spending was 210 million 1930, states spent around 2 billion a year

Recovery, Relief, Reform

government spending to create jobs

Brains trust, helped banks, fireside chats, Economy Act

experts in economics, government and law gave advice

Emergency Banking Act closed all banks for 4 days - only stable ones allowed to reopen, asked Americans to deposit savings in banks again - 1 million did, law to ensure bank deposits up to 2,500

30 times

reduced government running costs by 25%

Agricultural Adjustment Administration - fight overproduction - 11 per acre not farmed on

sub-part of AAA - paid farmers to keep extra goods in warehouses

Farm Credit Administration - improved mortgages for 20% of farms

National Recovery Administration - created industrial codes that companies could sign up to - blue eagle - 2.3 million businesses joined by July 1933

Federal Emergency Relief Act - provided $500 million for states to spend on relief

Home Owner's Refinancing Act - extended mortgages - 1 million kept homes

Public Works Administration - Grand River Dam, California

Civilian Conservation Corps - 17-23 year olds did reservoir digging and trail building

Tennessee Valley Authority - built 20 dams, educated farmers in new farming methods, Norris Dam - controlled floods and generated electricity

need for more help, elections to Congress in November 1934 brought in politicians who wanted reform, Supreme Court had shut down some 1st New Deal agencies

Works Progress Administration, helped employ 8 million, $11 billion spent

built 3 suburban towns, resettled families from overworked land

$4 billion

replace shanty towns with new homes

set min wage and max working hours

Farm Security Administration, help rural poor buy farms and equipment - offered $1 billion in loans by 1941, migrant camps for those from dustbowl

Agricultural Adjustment Act, heavy taxes on sales above quotas

1935, federal pension system, benefits, grants for the old and disabled

$50 million set aside for immediate needs of the elderly and $25 million for dependent children, domestic servants and agricultural labourers not included in unemployment and pension schemes

strengthened trade unions - membership rose to 9 million by 1940

1935, more control and regulation of banks

10% farms had elctricity 1930, no electric brooders for chicks

TVA dams generated electricity, Electric Home and Farm Authority (EHFA) helped farmers get electrical appliances, 1935 Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

35% farms had electricity by 1941, utility companies built spite lines to block REA, EHFA arranged 100,000 contracts for elctrical goods by 1938

9 judges - majority chosen by Republicans and could serve for life

Schechter Poultry Corp. signed up to NRA but broke rules and then took the case to the Supreme Court - claimed federal gov didn't have power over trade within a state - NRA effectively closed down

proposed all judges retire at 70 - average age was 71 - didn't happen but stopped Supreme Court interference

1936 Alfred Langdon lost against FDR, didn't like the Revenue Act 1935 - plan to raise taxes

1938 elections to congress gave them more seats, housing plan and request for more public works rejected 1939

conservatives from both parties, business leaders - du Pont brothers, spent over $1 million

Chamber of Commerce - publicly criticised 2nd New Deal legislation 1935, Iron and Steel Institute paid for Schechter brothers' appeal

around 150,000 joined Liberty League, Supreme Court began to support New Deal laws after 1937, Liberty League told to stay out of 1936 elections by Republicans

governor of Lousiana, 'Share Our Wealth' programme, 8 million joined his clubs, shot 1935

priest, radio show 'The Golden Hour of the Little Flower' had 30 million listeners, set up National Union for Social Justice - currency and banking reform, anti-semitic

retired public health officer, Old Age Revolving Pension Ltd. - everyone over 60 gets $200 a month to pend in 30 days, 20 million signed his petition

novelist, ran for governor in California, 'End Poverty in California' - empty land and disused factories opened for the unemployed

couldn't block FDR but had influence - Social Security Act and Revenue Act 1935 both responses to their criticism

farm income rose to $4.6 billion, RFC helped 6,000 banks reopen, unemployment fell to 9.5 million by 1939

WPA employed 8 million, 35% population recieved relief, Social Security Act

Wagner Act, electrification

farm income rarely reached 1929 levels, 106 banks that recieved extra funds forced to close, unemployment 1929 - 3.2%, 1939 - 17.2%

work relief projects - work for 40% who needed, relied on gov. spending - when FDR tried to cut spending unemployment rose by around 5%

Social Security System left out agricultural workers and domestic servants, gap between rich and poor very similar 1930 and 1940

more influence in politics due to work of Roosevelts wife Eleanor, women's division in WPA, Social Security Act provided grants for women with dependent children

half a man's wage in 1937, women in professional jobs fell 14.2% - 12.3%, camps for women - 5,000 places a year

'Black Cabinet' - more political power, 30% black families recieved relief, some CCC camps were integrated

AAA forced black tenants off farmland, relief payments often lower than white people, most workers had no access to social security

Indian Reorganisation Act restored 7.4 million acres to tribes, chance to vote and govern themselves, new law recognised right of Native American women to vote

plan to kill large numbers of the Navajo tribe's sheep and goats, most still very poor, reliance on agencies like WPA left them without help when they closed down

Lend-Lease Act - sent equipment to allies

overall farm income rose by around 50%, exports grew by over 70%, unemployment fell from 9.5 million to 5.5 million