1What does an accelerometer measure?
Proper acceleration
2What can an accelerometer measure relative to gravity?
Tilt
3What device measures rotation or changes in orientation?
Gyroscope
4What device measures changes in sound pressure?
Microphone
5What device measures velocity through a medium?
Anemometer
6What navigation system uses satellites and triangulation?
GPS
7What does an ultrasonic rangefinder listen for?
An echo
8What is the main function of a sensor?
It converts physical characteristics into electrical signals
9What is an actuator?
A device that converts electrical signals into physical characteristics or events
10What is the easiest difference between a sensor and an actuator?
A sensor senses the environment while an actuator performs an action
11What type of actuator produces straight-line motion?
Linear actuator
12What type of actuator produces rotational motion?
Rotary actuator
13What type of actuator uses fluid power?
Hydraulic actuator
14What type of actuator uses compressed air?
Pneumatic actuator
15What does LED stand for?
Light Emitting Diode
16What is an LED?
A semiconductor device that emits light when current passes through it
17What does PWM stand for?
Pulse Width Modulation
18What is PWM used for?
Efficient delivery of large amounts of power under digital control
19What physical effect does a motor apply to a load?
Torque
20What is motor torque proportional to?
Current through the motor windings
21How are DC motor coils modeled electrically?
A resistor and an inductor connected in series
22What does R represent in a DC motor?
Resistance
23What does L represent in a DC motor?
Inductance
24What is an embedded processor?
A processor designed to perform a dedicated task within a larger system
25What are the three common embedded processor types?
Microcontroller, DSP, and graphics processor
26What is a microcontroller?
A small computer on a single integrated circuit
27What components are commonly inside a microcontroller?
CPU, memory, I/O devices, and timers
28What does DSP stand for?
Digital Signal Processor
29What are DSP processors designed for?
Numerically intensive signal-processing applications
30What does FIR stand for?
Finite Impulse Response
31What signal-processing algorithm is associated with DSPs?
FIR filtering
32What are the three ADC stages shown in the lecture?
Sampling, quantizing, and coding
33What is a graphics processor mainly designed for?
Graphics rendering
34What does PLC stand for?
Programmable Logic Controller
35What is a PLC used for?
Industrial automation
36What programming method is commonly used for PLCs?
Ladder logic
37What is concurrency?
Different parts of a program conceptually execute simultaneously
38What is parallelism?
Different parts of a program physically execute simultaneously
39What is the main difference between concurrency and parallelism?
Concurrency is conceptual simultaneity while parallelism is physical simultaneity
40What is dataflow analysis?
Analysis of dependencies between program operations
41What is pipelining?
Dividing instruction execution into stages so multiple instructions can be processed simultaneously
42What real-world process is pipelining compared to?
An assembly line
43What are the five pipeline stages in order?
Fetch, Decode, Execute, Memory, Writeback
44What happens during Fetch?
The instruction is retrieved from memory
45What happens during Decode?
The instruction is interpreted and registers are read
46What happens during Execute?
ALU operations are performed
47What happens during Memory?
Data memory is accessed
48What happens during Writeback?
The result is written back to the register file
49What does ILP stand for?
Instruction-Level Parallelism
50What are the four major forms of ILP?
CISC, subword parallelism, superscalar, and VLIW
51What does CISC stand for?
Complex Instruction Set Computer
52What is subword parallelism?
Dividing a wide ALU into narrower slices for simultaneous operations
53What is a superscalar processor?
A processor whose hardware dynamically dispatches multiple instructions simultaneously
54Who decides parallel execution in a superscalar processor?
The hardware
55What does VLIW stand for?
Very Large Instruction Word
56How does VLIW determine parallel operations?
The instruction specifies what each function unit should do
57What is the key difference between superscalar and VLIW?
Superscalar hardware dynamically decides parallel execution while VLIW instructions specify it