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Social Neurobiology COMPLETE Multiple Choice Outlearn

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1
Which is NOT one of the brain principles discussed?
  • The brain runs itself
  • The brain controls the entire body
  • The brain only controls conscious thoughts
  • The brain uses excitation and inhibition
2
Why is inhibition important for brain function?
  • It prevents all neural communication
  • It helps filter distractions and focus
  • It permanently stops electrical activity
  • It increases every neural signal
3
How do genes and environment influence behavior?
  • Genes alone determine behavior
  • Environment alone determines behavior
  • Both genes and environment can influence behavior
  • Behavior is unrelated to biology
4
What is the order of the central dogma?
  • RNA → DNA → protein
  • Protein → RNA → DNA
  • DNA → protein → RNA
  • DNA → RNA → protein
5
How do psychology and biology differ?
  • Psychology studies cognition and behavior, while biology studies life
  • Psychology studies neurons only, while biology studies behavior only
  • Psychology studies genes, while biology studies emotions
  • They are identical disciplines
6
Which is a brain manipulation technique rather than an imaging technique?
  • MRI
  • PET
  • TMS
  • fMRI
7
Which statement about neurons matches the notes?
  • A neuron communicates with only one neuron
  • Neurons can communicate with many neurons
  • Neurons never use electrical signals
  • Neurons exist only in the spinal cord
8
Which neuron structure mainly receives incoming signals?
  • Axon
  • Myelin sheath
  • Terminal buttons
  • Dendrites
9
What is the main function of the myelin sheath?
  • Help signals travel efficiently along axons
  • Produce neurotransmitters in the nucleus
  • Receive incoming signals
  • Prevent connections from forming
10
Which neurotransmitter was identified as inhibitory?
  • Dopamine
  • Glutamate
  • GABA
  • Acetylcholine
11
What does the blood-brain barrier do?
  • Lets all blood substances enter the brain
  • Regulates entry of substances from blood to brain
  • Produces neural electrical signals
  • Blocks all nutrients
12
Why is the area postrema important?
  • It produces speech
  • It produces all neurotransmitters
  • It controls voluntary movement
  • It detects some toxins and helps trigger vomiting
13
How do electrical and chemical neural signals differ?
  • Electrical signals travel along neurons, while chemical signals cross synapses
  • Chemical signals occur only in spinal cord
  • Electrical signaling requires transmitters along every axon segment
  • They are the same process
14
What happens during the rising phase of an action potential?
  • Potassium enters
  • Sodium leaves
  • Sodium enters
  • The neuron stops firing permanently
15
Which role of glutamate is highlighted in the notes?
  • Only sleep
  • Learning
  • Blocking all synapses
  • Forming the blood-brain barrier
16
What does Gallup’s mirror test investigate?
  • Mathematical intelligence
  • Human-face recognition
  • Language development
  • Recognition of one’s own reflection
17
What sequence describes the mirror-mark experiment in the notes?
  • Mirror exposure → anesthesia → mark placement → observation
  • Mark placement → observation → anesthesia → mirror exposure
  • Anesthesia → mirror exposure → observation → mark placement
  • Observation → mark placement → mirror exposure → anesthesia
18
At about what age do babies begin to show mirror self-recognition in the notes?
  • 6 months
  • 12 months
  • 18 months
  • 5 years
19
Which bird was mentioned as showing self-recognition?
  • Jellyfish
  • Magpies
  • Earthworms
  • Sea stars
20
What does the Wada test involve?
  • Measuring transmitter speed
  • Measuring neuron firing
  • Measuring dopamine concentration
  • Temporarily anesthetizing one brain hemisphere
21
What may happen when the right hemisphere is anesthetized, according to the notes?
  • Temporary loss of aspects of self-recognition
  • Permanent loss of all memories
  • Loss of oxygen to the left hemisphere
  • Complete spinal cord shutdown
22
A person recognizes others but not themselves. What is disrupted?
  • Prosopagnosia
  • Conformity
  • Self-recognition
  • Nostalgia
23
A person insists a familiar relative is an impostor. What condition fits?
  • Prosopagnosia
  • Capgras syndrome
  • Mirror self-recognition
  • Self-enhancement
24
Which lobe is important for social skills and behavior?
  • Medulla
  • Spinal cord
  • Occipital lobe
  • Frontal lobe
25
What do cortical midline structures contribute to?
  • Self-related processing and awareness
  • Cerebrospinal fluid production
  • Control of all peripheral nerves
  • Hearing only
26
What is self-centered deception?
  • Lying to protect others
  • Lying without consequences
  • Lying mainly to benefit oneself
  • Lying due to impaired vision
27
Which is an example of other-centered deception?
  • Lying to avoid punishment
  • A reassuring lie to spare a friend’s feelings
  • Exaggerating achievements for promotion
  • Lying about age for advantage
28
What is self-enhancement?
  • Inability to recognize oneself
  • Evaluating everyone else negatively
  • Complete absence of awareness
  • Viewing oneself especially favorably
29
Which region was linked to self-enhancement and overclaiming?
  • Medial prefrontal cortex
  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla
30
What is overclaiming?
  • Detecting another person’s lie
  • Accurately judging your abilities
  • Claiming knowledge you do not possess
  • Declining unfamiliar questions
31
What potential benefit of self-deception was discussed?
  • Eliminating social needs
  • Protecting self-esteem and reducing negative feelings
  • Guaranteeing lie detection
  • Preventing emotions
32
Why can deception be considered social behavior?
  • It occurs only alone
  • It does not involve understanding others
  • It is independent of brain activity
  • It can influence other people’s beliefs
33
Which was discussed as a possible early autism sign?
  • Reduced eye contact
  • Faster reflexes
  • Improved night vision
  • Increased strength
34
Which group is diagnosed with autism more often in the notes?
  • Females
  • Males
  • Exactly equal rates
  • Only adults
35
Why might autism diagnosis rates change over time?
  • Autism only begins in adulthood
  • Brain cells stopped functioning in younger generations
  • Awareness and diagnostic practices may change
  • Pollution is proven to be the sole cause
36
Which statement about genetics and autism is best supported?
  • No genetic influence
  • Always one gene
  • Only parenting causes autism
  • Genetic factors can contribute alongside other influences
37
What is nostalgia?
  • A sentimental response to memories of the past
  • Complete autobiographical memory loss
  • Inability to feel emotions
  • A spinal reflex
38
Which brain structures were linked to nostalgia and emotional memory?
  • Medulla and spinal cord
  • Cerebellum and occipital cortex
  • Hippocampus and amygdala
  • Motor cortex and brainstem
39
What emotional effects can nostalgia have?
  • Only happiness
  • Closeness and sometimes sadness
  • No response to memories
  • Prevention of new relationships
40
Which brain region was linked to conformity?
  • Primary visual cortex
  • Spinal cord
  • Medulla
  • Anterior insula
41
Why might people conform to group opinions?
  • To reduce disagreement and conflict
  • Because individual opinions cannot be processed
  • Because emotions must be absent
  • Because groups are always correct
42
Which region is involved in reward-related aspects of conformity?
  • Medulla
  • Occipital cortex
  • Nucleus accumbens
  • Spinal cord
43
What is an important human social need?
  • Complete isolation
  • Social connection
  • Avoiding emotion
  • Eliminating communication
44
Which regions were discussed in relation to antisocial behavior?
  • Visual cortex and spinal cord
  • Occipital lobe and cerebellum only
  • Auditory cortex and optic nerve
  • Amygdala, default mode network, and cerebellum
45
What can narcissistic traits involve?
  • Exaggerated self-importance and sensitivity to criticism
  • Complete memory loss
  • No emotional reactions
  • The same thing as mirror recognition
46
Which response was associated with narcissistic traits?
  • Increased neuron regeneration
  • No social comparisons
  • Strong emotional reactions to comparison or rejection
  • Inability to recognize faces
47
What is the function of maternal aggression discussed in class?
  • Preventing offspring independence
  • Protecting offspring from threats
  • Ending all social interactions
  • Preventing hormone release
48
Which hormones were mentioned in maternal aggression?
  • Insulin and glucagon
  • Melatonin and adrenaline
  • Cortisol and thyroid hormone
  • Oxytocin and prolactin
49
Which regions were linked to maternal aggression?
  • Medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, lateral septum
  • Visual cortex, cerebellum, optic nerve
  • Broca’s area, auditory cortex, spinal cord
  • Occipital lobe, motor cortex, hippocampus
50
What best explains a protective aggressive response to a threat near an infant?
  • It is independent of the brain
  • It comes only from language processing
  • Parental neural circuits and hormones influence the response
  • It requires failure to recognize offspring
51
Why does the brain use both excitation and inhibition?
  • To activate all neurons together
  • To balance and regulate neural activity
  • To stop environmental responses
  • To eliminate neurotransmitters
52
Which is NOT a neurotransmitter listed in the notes?
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
  • Glutamate
  • Cortisol
53
What function is likely affected by damage to Broca’s area?
  • Visual recognition
  • Speech production
  • Balance
  • Temperature regulation
54
Why is the blood-brain barrier important?
  • It freely admits toxins
  • It blocks all nutrients
  • It regulates what enters the brain from blood
  • It blocks neural electrical signals
55
What is the hard problem of consciousness?
  • Consciousness is completely explained
  • Consciousness is independent of brain activity
  • The spinal cord entirely controls consciousness
  • Explaining subjective experience remains difficult
56
What is a likely effect of disrupting cortical midline structures?
  • Reduced self-referential thinking
  • Better hearing
  • Loss of spinal reflexes
  • Improved vision
57
What is theory of mind?
  • Recognizing one’s reflection
  • Understanding that others have their own beliefs and thoughts
  • Memorizing huge amounts of information
  • Controlling another nervous system
58
Someone claims to know a subject they barely understand. What is this?
  • Conformity
  • Self-recognition
  • Overclaiming
  • Prosopagnosia
59
Which brain region processes social disagreement in the conformity notes?
  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Anterior insula
60
Why can nostalgia strengthen social relationships?
  • It recalls meaningful memories and connections
  • It permanently removes bad memories
  • It prevents emotions
  • It eliminates social needs
61
What is the nucleus accumbens associated with?
  • Language comprehension
  • Reward and motivation
  • Visual processing
  • Breathing
62
A person lies to avoid hurting a friend’s feelings. What is it?
  • Self-centered deception
  • Overclaiming
  • Other-centered deception
  • Self-recognition
63
How are self-awareness and deception related?
  • Awareness makes deception impossible
  • Only people without awareness deceive
  • They are unrelated
  • Understanding self and others can contribute to deception
64
What does the prefrontal cortex contribute to in social behavior?
  • Planning, decision-making, and regulation
  • Only breathing
  • Producing all neurotransmitters
  • Preventing all emotions
65
Which can be associated with autism?
  • Regenerating neurons
  • Differences in social communication and repetitive behavior
  • No emotional responses
  • Inability to learn
66
Why might people conform to a group?
  • To speed up neural impulses
  • To prevent memories
  • To reduce disagreement and preserve social harmony
  • To eliminate frontal activity
67
Which concept fits strong distress at criticism and frequent social comparison?
  • Mirror recognition
  • Nostalgia
  • Classical conditioning
  • Narcissistic traits
68
Why may maternal aggression rise when offspring are threatened?
  • Parental neural circuits and hormones influence protective behavior
  • All inhibition stops
  • Brain activity is irrelevant
  • Only visual cortex causes it
69
Which structure was linked to maternal aggression?
  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Lateral septum
  • Optic nerve
  • Occipital cortex
70
What is a major theme of social neurobiology?
  • Only genes determine behavior
  • Behavior is independent of the brain
  • Brain processes, biology, and environment interact in social behavior
  • One brain region controls all behavior
71
Who is associated with the quote "I think therefore I am"?
  • Albert Einstein
  • René Descartes
  • Marie Curie
  • Carl Jung
72
Which topic is most closely connected to Descartes’ "I think therefore I am" quote in the notes?
  • Self-awareness and existence
  • Action potential thresholds
  • Neurotransmitter release
  • Maternal aggression
73
Who said "The important thing is to never stop questioning"?
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Bill Nye
  • Albert Einstein
  • Ava Lovelace
74
What theme is emphasized by the Einstein quote at the beginning of the September 9 notes?
  • Avoiding uncertainty
  • Scientific curiosity and questioning
  • Social conformity
  • Memory consolidation
75
Who is credited in the notes with describing the brain as an implausible science experiment?
  • Will Boast
  • Robyn Mundell
  • Arnold H. Glasow
  • Jane Goodall
76
Who is credited with the idea that everything seems impossible until it is done?
  • Marie Curie
  • Robert A. Heinlein
  • Nikola Tesla
  • Louis Pasteur
77
Who is associated with the September 16 quote about patience and hatching an egg?
  • Arnold H. Glasow
  • Carl Gustav Jung
  • Glenn T. Seaborg
  • Sami Criss
78
Which lesson best matches the September 16 quote comparing patience to hatching an egg?
  • Speed is more important than careful work
  • Persistence and patience are valuable
  • Scientific experiments cannot fail
  • All social behavior is learned
79
Who is credited with the September 21 quote that science belongs to humanity rather than one country?
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Albert Einstein
  • Bill Nye
  • René Descartes
80
Who is associated with the September 28 quote "We are not apart from nature"?
  • Marie Curie
  • Jane Goodall
  • Nikola Tesla
  • Ava Lovelace
81
Who is credited with the September 30 quote emphasizing science education for young people?
  • Glenn T. Seaborg
  • Will Boast
  • Robert A. Heinlein
  • Marcus Aurelius
82
Who is credited with the September 30 quote about exploring the unknown boundaries of science?
  • Carl Jung
  • Robyn Mundell
  • Sami Criss
  • Jane Goodall
83
Who is associated with the October 5 quote about science being key to the future?
  • Bill Nye
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Nikola Tesla
  • Marie Curie
84
Who is credited in the notes with the October 5 quote about repeatedly thinking about thinking?
  • Sami Criss
  • Albert Einstein
  • Ava Lovelace
  • Arnold H. Glasow
85
Who is associated with the October 7 quote about how little one understands?
  • Ava Lovelace
  • Jane Goodall
  • Bill Nye
  • Will Boast
86
Who is credited with the October 7 quote about irritation with others revealing something about ourselves?
  • Carl Gustav Jung
  • René Descartes
  • Glenn T. Seaborg
  • Louis Pasteur
87
Who is credited with the October 12 quote about examining your own faults before criticizing someone?
  • Marcus Aurelius
  • Marie Curie
  • Robert A. Heinlein
  • Jane Goodall
88
Who is associated with the October 12 quote linking virtues and failures?
  • Nikola Tesla
  • Bill Nye
  • Albert Einstein
  • Robyn Mundell
89
Which news item in the September 21 notes involved reconstructing what an animal sees?
  • Using brain signals to infer what a mouse is seeing
  • Using mirrors to teach mice language
  • Using sound to control the spinal cord
  • Using hormones to map a mouse’s genes
90
According to the September 21 news notes, which possible application was mentioned for reconstructing visual information from brain activity?
  • Helping with blindness
  • Increasing myelin production
  • Preventing all hallucinations
  • Eliminating sleep
91
Which surprising finding about axons appeared in the news discussed in the September 21 lecture?
  • Axons are not necessarily straight
  • Axons contain no electrical activity
  • Axons are found only in humans
  • Axons are made of bone
92
Which news topic was mentioned in the September 28 lecture?
  • Exercise and naps may aid memory
  • Memory requires complete sleep deprivation
  • Social isolation permanently improves recall
  • The spinal cord stores all memories
93
Which brain-cell type was mentioned in the September 30 news as potentially playing a role in memory?
  • Astrocytes
  • Red blood cells
  • Osteocytes
  • Platelets
94
Which brain region was mentioned in the September 30 news about astrocytes and memory?
  • Hippocampus
  • Medulla
  • Spinal cord
  • Occipital pole
95
What is optogenetics, the topic of the October 5 news?
  • Using light to control activity in targeted cells
  • Using magnets to measure bone density
  • Using mirrors to test self-recognition
  • Using hormones to stop all neural signals
96
Which type of learning was mentioned in the October 5 news about optogenetics and fruit flies?
  • Pavlovian conditioning
  • Mirror self-recognition
  • Language acquisition
  • Mathematical reasoning
97
Which topic was highlighted in the October 7 news?
  • The claustrum and uncertainty
  • Myelin and skin pigmentation
  • Broca’s area and digestion
  • The spinal cord and empathy
98
According to the October 7 news notes, the claustrum may help the brain do what?
  • Adapt to uncertain situations
  • Permanently erase memories
  • Produce all dopamine
  • Stop all social behavior
99
Which animals were mentioned in the October 12 news about cooperation?
  • Cats
  • Dolphins
  • Magpies
  • Chimpanzees
100
Which brain regions were mentioned in the October 12 news about cooperation in cats?
  • Inferior cingulate cortex and amygdala
  • Medulla and spinal cord
  • Primary visual cortex and cerebellum
  • Broca’s area and area postrema
101
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
  • Protein → DNA → RNA
  • DNA → protein → RNA
  • RNA → DNA → protein
  • DNA → RNA → protein
102
What happens during depolarization?
  • The inside becomes more negative than resting potential
  • The inside of a neuron becomes less negative
  • The neuron loses all electrical activity
  • The membrane stops allowing ions through
103
What is hyperpolarization?
  • The membrane becomes more negative than its resting potential
  • The membrane becomes less negative
  • The neuron reaches its firing threshold
  • Sodium channels remain permanently open
104
How does the sodium-potassium pump move ions?
  • Equal numbers of both ions move outward
  • 2 sodium out and 3 potassium in
  • 3 potassium out and 2 sodium in
  • 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in
105
What is the main function of the blood-brain barrier?
  • Regulate substances entering brain tissue from blood
  • Produce cerebrospinal fluid
  • Release dopamine into the brain
  • Transmit signals between hemispheres
106
What is prosopagnosia?
  • Inability to recognize a body part as one’s own
  • Belief that one person is many disguised people
  • Difficulty recognizing familiar faces
  • Lack of awareness of a neurological impairment
107
What is anosognosia?
  • Belief that a loved one is an impostor
  • Difficulty recognizing familiar faces
  • Inability to store new memories
  • Reduced awareness of one’s own neurological impairment
108
What belief characterizes Capgras syndrome?
  • One has expert knowledge without evidence
  • A body part belongs to someone else
  • A familiar person has been replaced by an impostor
  • Different people are actually one disguised person
109
What belief characterizes Fregoli syndrome?
  • The right side of the body does not exist
  • A familiar person has been replaced by an impostor
  • Different people are one familiar person in disguise
  • Every unfamiliar face is recognized
110
What is asomatognosia?
  • Inability to recognize familiar faces
  • Difficulty experiencing a body part as one’s own
  • Loss of all visual perception
  • Failure to recognize one’s memory
111
What is a callosotomy?
  • Removal of the entire frontal lobe
  • Electrical stimulation of the amygdala
  • A procedure cutting connections through the corpus callosum
  • Injection of contrast into the ventricles
112
What do sensory neurons do?
  • Carry motor commands to muscles
  • Connect only the two hemispheres
  • Release hormones from the pituitary
  • Carry sensory information toward the CNS
113
What do motor neurons do?
  • Carry commands from the CNS to muscles or glands
  • Produce myelin around all axons
  • Store memories in the hippocampus
  • Carry touch signals from skin to the CNS
114
What do interneurons mainly do?
  • Carry signals only from muscles to skin
  • Release hormones into the bloodstream
  • Control blood flow outside the brain
  • Process and relay signals within the CNS
115
What does the myelin sheath do?
  • Produces all neurotransmitters
  • Stores genetic information in the nucleus
  • Blocks every action potential
  • Insulates axons and speeds signal transmission
116
What are terminal buttons responsible for?
  • Releasing neurotransmitters to other cells
  • Producing action potentials in dendrites
  • Receiving most incoming signals
  • Making cerebrospinal fluid
117
What is the soma?
  • The tip that releases neurotransmitters
  • The insulating layer around the axon
  • The neuron cell body that maintains the cell
  • The gap between two neurons
118
What do dendrites generally do?
  • Connect the brain to the spinal cord
  • Carry signals away toward terminal buttons
  • Receive incoming signals from other neurons
  • Produce adrenal hormones
119
What is a synapse?
  • The neuron’s cell body
  • A communication junction between neurons
  • A layer of fatty insulation
  • A fluid-filled brain cavity
120
What is GABA mainly known for?
  • Producing vision in the occipital lobe
  • Forming the blood-brain barrier
  • Increasing every neuron’s firing
  • Inhibitory neurotransmission
121
What is dopamine associated with?
  • Motivation, reinforcement, and reward learning
  • Blocking all motor movement
  • Only pain and temperature sensation
  • The physical structure of the skull
122
What is oxytocin associated with?
  • Sodium transport across the membrane
  • Visual processing in the occipital lobe
  • Social bonding and attachment
  • Producing cerebrospinal fluid
123
What is serotonin associated with?
  • Only facial recognition
  • Mood, sleep, and appetite
  • Myelin production
  • The shape of the ventricles
124
What does the hypothalamus help regulate?
  • Only visual recognition
  • Only sound localization
  • Homeostasis, hormones, and stress responses
  • Only voluntary arm movement
125
Why is the pituitary called the master gland?
  • It releases hormones affecting other endocrine glands
  • It creates action potentials in every neuron
  • It processes all incoming visual signals
  • It connects the cerebral hemispheres
126
What does the HPA axis help coordinate?
  • Motor reflexes in the spinal cord only
  • Facial recognition
  • Hearing and speech comprehension
  • The body’s stress response
127
What do the adrenal glands release during stress?
  • Myelin and cerebrospinal fluid
  • Hormones including cortisol and adrenaline
  • Only dopamine into synapses
  • Only glucose into neurons
128
What is the VTA especially associated with?
  • Connecting the left and right hemispheres
  • Processing visual edges
  • Dopamine neurons involved in motivation and reward
  • Detecting poisons in the blood
129
What does the nucleus accumbens help process?
  • Only visual color
  • Cerebrospinal fluid production
  • Only breathing reflexes
  • Reward, motivation, and reinforcement
130
What functions are linked to the striatum?
  • Only speech articulation
  • Only hearing and smell
  • Movement, learning, motivation, and reward
  • Only blood filtration
131
What is the amygdala especially involved in?
  • Emotional significance including threat and fear
  • Producing cerebrospinal fluid
  • Keeping the two hemispheres connected
  • Carrying signals to skeletal muscles
132
What is the hippocampus especially important for?
  • Producing adrenal hormones
  • Forming and organizing new memories
  • Maintaining blood pressure directly
  • Processing only touch sensation
133
What does the prefrontal cortex help regulate?
  • Only vision and color
  • Only spinal reflexes
  • Only cerebrospinal fluid circulation
  • Planning, decisions, and emotional behavior
134
What is the anterior cingulate cortex linked to?
  • Only generating spinal reflexes
  • Only detecting blood toxins
  • Attention, emotion, and aspects of pain
  • Only secreting insulin
135
What does the fusiform face area help process?
  • Faces
  • Balance and posture
  • Blood oxygen levels
  • Adrenal stress hormones
136
What is the right TPJ involved in?
  • Social cognition and distinguishing self from others
  • Controlling only basic breathing
  • Releasing cortisol from adrenal glands
  • Producing cerebrospinal fluid
137
What does the area postrema help detect?
  • Facial resemblance in photographs
  • Speech in the left hemisphere
  • Motor commands to fingers
  • Poisons that can trigger vomiting
138
What does the occipital lobe mainly process?
  • Blood sugar regulation
  • Vision
  • Voluntary speech planning only
  • Hormone release
139
Which functions are associated with the temporal lobe?
  • Only voluntary leg movement
  • Hearing, language comprehension, and memory
  • Only adrenal hormone release
  • Only touch and body position
140
What does the parietal lobe help process?
  • Only emotional rewards
  • Only sound frequency
  • Touch and spatial information
  • Only hormone production
141
What is the corpus callosum?
  • A region that detects poisons
  • A fiber bundle connecting cerebral hemispheres
  • A gland releasing cortisol
  • A type of neurotransmitter
142
What does an MRI mainly show?
  • Only neurotransmitter release
  • Only electrical signals in individual neurons
  • Direct measurement of a person’s thoughts
  • Brain structure
143
What is fMRI primarily used to study?
  • The exact location of every neurotransmitter
  • Direct changes to DNA sequences
  • Only skull bone density
  • Activity-related changes in brain blood oxygenation
144
How is manipulation different from imaging?
  • Both always require surgery
  • Manipulation only takes pictures
  • Imaging always changes brain activity
  • Manipulation changes activity while imaging observes it
145
What is PET used for?
  • Cutting the corpus callosum
  • Directly changing DNA into protein
  • Imaging activity or metabolism using radioactive tracers
  • Recording only skull thickness
146
What does TMS use to influence brain activity?
  • Hormones injected into the ventricles
  • Magnetic pulses
  • Surgical removal of tissue
  • Only visual stimuli
147
What is the purpose of ECT?
  • Measuring blood oxygen without intervention
  • Removing the corpus callosum
  • Therapeutically inducing a controlled seizure
  • Imaging brain structure with magnets
148
What does the Gallup mirror test assess?
  • The number of brain neurons
  • Only language comprehension
  • Mirror self-recognition
  • The speed of action potentials
149
What does the Wada test help investigate?
  • Hemispheric contributions to functions such as language
  • How dopamine is synthesized
  • The strength of the blood-brain barrier
  • The number of neurons in the brain
150
According to the Quizlet, what happens when the left hemisphere is anesthetized in a Wada test?
  • Loss of hearing in both ears
  • Improved face recognition
  • Increased dopamine release
  • Temporary speech loss and right-sided weakness
151
According to the Quizlet, what can happen when the right hemisphere is anesthetized in a Wada test?
  • Increased left-hand strength
  • Permanent loss of all memories
  • Difficulty recognizing one’s own face
  • Loss of vision in both eyes
152
What is the difference between a trait and a state?
  • Both refer only to brain anatomy
  • A trait is relatively stable
  • a state is temporary
  • A trait is temporary
  • a state is permanent
  • Both are always genetic
153
What is self-depreciation?
  • Believing different people are one person
  • Failing to recognize a familiar face
  • Holding or expressing negative views about oneself
  • Viewing oneself as superior to everyone
154
What do mirror neurons do?
  • Respond during both action performance and observation
  • Fire only during sleep
  • Respond only to words
  • Produce cortisol during stress
155
What is the independent variable?
  • The consistency of repeated findings
  • The variable manipulated or compared by a researcher
  • The sample size in every experiment
  • The outcome measured by the researcher
156
What is the dependent variable?
  • The variable always controlled by the researcher
  • The theory being tested
  • The participant’s fixed personality
  • The outcome measured in a study
157
How do reliability and validity differ?
  • Reliability is accuracy
  • validity is sample size
  • Reliability is consistency
  • validity is measuring the intended construct
  • Both mean the same as causation
  • Validity is consistency
  • reliability is popularity
158
What is a proximate explanation of behavior?
  • How the immediate biological mechanism works
  • Why the behavior evolved over generations
  • Whether the result is statistically significant
  • How many participants were tested
159
What is an ultimate explanation of behavior?
  • Why a behavior may have evolved
  • Which ion channel opens first
  • Where the experiment was conducted
  • How the scanner generates an image
160
What is the central nervous system?
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Only the cerebral cortex
  • All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
  • Only muscles and glands
161
What is the peripheral nervous system?
  • Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
  • Only the brain and spinal cord
  • Only the hypothalamus and pituitary
  • Only cerebral hemispheres
162
What are ventricles in the brain?
  • Neurons that release dopamine
  • Fibers connecting the hemispheres
  • Glands above the kidneys
  • Fluid-filled cavities containing cerebrospinal fluid
163
What is one function of cerebrospinal fluid?
  • Replacing all blood in the brain
  • Connecting motor neurons to muscles
  • Producing dopamine in the VTA
  • Cushioning the brain against mechanical impact
164
Why can L-DOPA be used in Parkinson’s disease?
  • It directly replaces damaged brain tissue
  • It cuts connections between hemispheres
  • It permanently blocks all dopamine receptors
  • It can cross the blood-brain barrier and be converted to dopamine
165
What does the Quizlet say about the Platek facial-resemblance study?
  • Children recognized all unfamiliar faces
  • Only women were tested on pain perception
  • Men showed greater sensitivity and care toward resembling children
  • Men showed no response to facial resemblance
166
What does the Quizlet report about the Stevens NHL study?
  • Team behavior had no association with wins
  • Teams won less when altruists increased
  • Teams won more as their number of altruists increased
  • Winning depended only on player height
167
What did Louis Pasteur help disprove?
  • Spontaneous generation
  • The importance of DNA
  • The existence of neurons
  • The role of the corpus callosum
168
What is a typical action potential peak voltage in the Quizlet?
  • About −150 mV
  • Exactly 0 mV
  • About −90 mV
  • About +40 mV
169
What is the approximate action potential duration listed in the Quizlet?
  • 2 milliseconds
  • 2 seconds
  • 20 minutes
  • 2 hours
170
What is the threshold for firing listed in the Quizlet?
  • About +50 mV
  • About −150 mV
  • About −50 mV
  • About +100 mV
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