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Social Neurobiology Outlearn 70 FIXED

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1
Which is NOT one of the brain principles discussed?
  • The brain runs itself
  • The brain controls the entire body
  • The brain only controls conscious thoughts
  • The brain uses excitation and inhibition
2
Why is inhibition important for brain function?
  • It prevents all neural communication
  • It helps filter distractions and focus
  • It permanently stops electrical activity
  • It increases every neural signal
3
How do genes and environment influence behavior?
  • Genes alone determine behavior
  • Environment alone determines behavior
  • Both genes and environment can influence behavior
  • Behavior is unrelated to biology
4
What is the order of the central dogma?
  • RNA → DNA → protein
  • Protein → RNA → DNA
  • DNA → protein → RNA
  • DNA → RNA → protein
5
How do psychology and biology differ?
  • Psychology studies cognition and behavior, while biology studies life
  • Psychology studies neurons only, while biology studies behavior only
  • Psychology studies genes, while biology studies emotions
  • They are identical disciplines
6
Which is a brain manipulation technique rather than an imaging technique?
  • MRI
  • PET
  • TMS
  • fMRI
7
Which statement about neurons matches the notes?
  • A neuron communicates with only one neuron
  • Neurons can communicate with many neurons
  • Neurons never use electrical signals
  • Neurons exist only in the spinal cord
8
Which neuron structure mainly receives incoming signals?
  • Axon
  • Myelin sheath
  • Terminal buttons
  • Dendrites
9
What is the main function of the myelin sheath?
  • Help signals travel efficiently along axons
  • Produce neurotransmitters in the nucleus
  • Receive incoming signals
  • Prevent connections from forming
10
Which neurotransmitter was identified as inhibitory?
  • Dopamine
  • Glutamate
  • GABA
  • Acetylcholine
11
What does the blood-brain barrier do?
  • Lets all blood substances enter the brain
  • Regulates entry of substances from blood to brain
  • Produces neural electrical signals
  • Blocks all nutrients
12
Why is the area postrema important?
  • It produces speech
  • It produces all neurotransmitters
  • It controls voluntary movement
  • It detects some toxins and helps trigger vomiting
13
How do electrical and chemical neural signals differ?
  • Electrical signals travel along neurons, while chemical signals cross synapses
  • Chemical signals occur only in spinal cord
  • Electrical signaling requires transmitters along every axon segment
  • They are the same process
14
What happens during the rising phase of an action potential?
  • Potassium enters
  • Sodium leaves
  • Sodium enters
  • The neuron stops firing permanently
15
Which role of glutamate is highlighted in the notes?
  • Only sleep
  • Learning
  • Blocking all synapses
  • Forming the blood-brain barrier
16
What does Gallup’s mirror test investigate?
  • Mathematical intelligence
  • Human-face recognition
  • Language development
  • Recognition of one’s own reflection
17
What sequence describes the mirror-mark experiment in the notes?
  • Mirror exposure → anesthesia → mark placement → observation
  • Mark placement → observation → anesthesia → mirror exposure
  • Anesthesia → mirror exposure → observation → mark placement
  • Observation → mark placement → mirror exposure → anesthesia
18
At about what age do babies begin to show mirror self-recognition in the notes?
  • 6 months
  • 12 months
  • 18 months
  • 5 years
19
Which bird was mentioned as showing self-recognition?
  • Jellyfish
  • Magpies
  • Earthworms
  • Sea stars
20
What does the Wada test involve?
  • Measuring transmitter speed
  • Measuring neuron firing
  • Measuring dopamine concentration
  • Temporarily anesthetizing one brain hemisphere
21
What may happen when the right hemisphere is anesthetized, according to the notes?
  • Temporary loss of aspects of self-recognition
  • Permanent loss of all memories
  • Loss of oxygen to the left hemisphere
  • Complete spinal cord shutdown
22
A person recognizes others but not themselves. What is disrupted?
  • Prosopagnosia
  • Conformity
  • Self-recognition
  • Nostalgia
23
A person insists a familiar relative is an impostor. What condition fits?
  • Prosopagnosia
  • Capgras syndrome
  • Mirror self-recognition
  • Self-enhancement
24
Which lobe is important for social skills and behavior?
  • Medulla
  • Spinal cord
  • Occipital lobe
  • Frontal lobe
25
What do cortical midline structures contribute to?
  • Self-related processing and awareness
  • Cerebrospinal fluid production
  • Control of all peripheral nerves
  • Hearing only
26
What is self-centered deception?
  • Lying to protect others
  • Lying without consequences
  • Lying mainly to benefit oneself
  • Lying due to impaired vision
27
Which is an example of other-centered deception?
  • Lying to avoid punishment
  • A reassuring lie to spare a friend’s feelings
  • Exaggerating achievements for promotion
  • Lying about age for advantage
28
What is self-enhancement?
  • Inability to recognize oneself
  • Evaluating everyone else negatively
  • Complete absence of awareness
  • Viewing oneself especially favorably
29
Which region was linked to self-enhancement and overclaiming?
  • Medial prefrontal cortex
  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla
30
What is overclaiming?
  • Detecting another person’s lie
  • Accurately judging your abilities
  • Claiming knowledge you do not possess
  • Declining unfamiliar questions
31
What potential benefit of self-deception was discussed?
  • Eliminating social needs
  • Protecting self-esteem and reducing negative feelings
  • Guaranteeing lie detection
  • Preventing emotions
32
Why can deception be considered social behavior?
  • It occurs only alone
  • It does not involve understanding others
  • It is independent of brain activity
  • It can influence other people’s beliefs
33
Which was discussed as a possible early autism sign?
  • Reduced eye contact
  • Faster reflexes
  • Improved night vision
  • Increased strength
34
Which group is diagnosed with autism more often in the notes?
  • Females
  • Males
  • Exactly equal rates
  • Only adults
35
Why might autism diagnosis rates change over time?
  • Autism only begins in adulthood
  • Brain cells stopped functioning in younger generations
  • Awareness and diagnostic practices may change
  • Pollution is proven to be the sole cause
36
Which statement about genetics and autism is best supported?
  • No genetic influence
  • Always one gene
  • Only parenting causes autism
  • Genetic factors can contribute alongside other influences
37
What is nostalgia?
  • A sentimental response to memories of the past
  • Complete autobiographical memory loss
  • Inability to feel emotions
  • A spinal reflex
38
Which brain structures were linked to nostalgia and emotional memory?
  • Medulla and spinal cord
  • Cerebellum and occipital cortex
  • Hippocampus and amygdala
  • Motor cortex and brainstem
39
What emotional effects can nostalgia have?
  • Only happiness
  • Closeness and sometimes sadness
  • No response to memories
  • Prevention of new relationships
40
Which brain region was linked to conformity?
  • Primary visual cortex
  • Spinal cord
  • Medulla
  • Anterior insula
41
Why might people conform to group opinions?
  • To reduce disagreement and conflict
  • Because individual opinions cannot be processed
  • Because emotions must be absent
  • Because groups are always correct
42
Which region is involved in reward-related aspects of conformity?
  • Medulla
  • Occipital cortex
  • Nucleus accumbens
  • Spinal cord
43
What is an important human social need?
  • Complete isolation
  • Social connection
  • Avoiding emotion
  • Eliminating communication
44
Which regions were discussed in relation to antisocial behavior?
  • Visual cortex and spinal cord
  • Occipital lobe and cerebellum only
  • Auditory cortex and optic nerve
  • Amygdala, default mode network, and cerebellum
45
What can narcissistic traits involve?
  • Exaggerated self-importance and sensitivity to criticism
  • Complete memory loss
  • No emotional reactions
  • The same thing as mirror recognition
46
Which response was associated with narcissistic traits?
  • Increased neuron regeneration
  • No social comparisons
  • Strong emotional reactions to comparison or rejection
  • Inability to recognize faces
47
What is the function of maternal aggression discussed in class?
  • Preventing offspring independence
  • Protecting offspring from threats
  • Ending all social interactions
  • Preventing hormone release
48
Which hormones were mentioned in maternal aggression?
  • Insulin and glucagon
  • Melatonin and adrenaline
  • Cortisol and thyroid hormone
  • Oxytocin and prolactin
49
Which regions were linked to maternal aggression?
  • Medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, lateral septum
  • Visual cortex, cerebellum, optic nerve
  • Broca’s area, auditory cortex, spinal cord
  • Occipital lobe, motor cortex, hippocampus
50
What best explains a protective aggressive response to a threat near an infant?
  • It is independent of the brain
  • It comes only from language processing
  • Parental neural circuits and hormones influence the response
  • It requires failure to recognize offspring
51
Why does the brain use both excitation and inhibition?
  • To activate all neurons together
  • To balance and regulate neural activity
  • To stop environmental responses
  • To eliminate neurotransmitters
52
Which is NOT a neurotransmitter listed in the notes?
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
  • Glutamate
  • Cortisol
53
What function is likely affected by damage to Broca’s area?
  • Visual recognition
  • Speech production
  • Balance
  • Temperature regulation
54
Why is the blood-brain barrier important?
  • It freely admits toxins
  • It blocks all nutrients
  • It regulates what enters the brain from blood
  • It blocks neural electrical signals
55
What is the hard problem of consciousness?
  • Consciousness is completely explained
  • Consciousness is independent of brain activity
  • The spinal cord entirely controls consciousness
  • Explaining subjective experience remains difficult
56
What is a likely effect of disrupting cortical midline structures?
  • Reduced self-referential thinking
  • Better hearing
  • Loss of spinal reflexes
  • Improved vision
57
What is theory of mind?
  • Recognizing one’s reflection
  • Understanding that others have their own beliefs and thoughts
  • Memorizing huge amounts of information
  • Controlling another nervous system
58
Someone claims to know a subject they barely understand. What is this?
  • Conformity
  • Self-recognition
  • Overclaiming
  • Prosopagnosia
59
Which brain region processes social disagreement in the conformity notes?
  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Anterior insula
60
Why can nostalgia strengthen social relationships?
  • It recalls meaningful memories and connections
  • It permanently removes bad memories
  • It prevents emotions
  • It eliminates social needs
61
What is the nucleus accumbens associated with?
  • Language comprehension
  • Reward and motivation
  • Visual processing
  • Breathing
62
A person lies to avoid hurting a friend’s feelings. What is it?
  • Self-centered deception
  • Overclaiming
  • Other-centered deception
  • Self-recognition
63
How are self-awareness and deception related?
  • Awareness makes deception impossible
  • Only people without awareness deceive
  • They are unrelated
  • Understanding self and others can contribute to deception
64
What does the prefrontal cortex contribute to in social behavior?
  • Planning, decision-making, and regulation
  • Only breathing
  • Producing all neurotransmitters
  • Preventing all emotions
65
Which can be associated with autism?
  • Regenerating neurons
  • Differences in social communication and repetitive behavior
  • No emotional responses
  • Inability to learn
66
Why might people conform to a group?
  • To speed up neural impulses
  • To prevent memories
  • To reduce disagreement and preserve social harmony
  • To eliminate frontal activity
67
Which concept fits strong distress at criticism and frequent social comparison?
  • Mirror recognition
  • Nostalgia
  • Classical conditioning
  • Narcissistic traits
68
Why may maternal aggression rise when offspring are threatened?
  • Parental neural circuits and hormones influence protective behavior
  • All inhibition stops
  • Brain activity is irrelevant
  • Only visual cortex causes it
69
Which structure was linked to maternal aggression?
  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Lateral septum
  • Optic nerve
  • Occipital cortex
70
What is a major theme of social neurobiology?
  • Only genes determine behavior
  • Behavior is independent of the brain
  • Brain processes, biology, and environment interact in social behavior
  • One brain region controls all behavior
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