POSC 100 final

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination

(1896) The Court ruled that segregation was not discriminatory (did not violate black civil rights under the Fourteenth Amendemnt) provide that blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites.

1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education.

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

prohibits racial discrimination in voting

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

soft: avoids explicit distinctions along racial lines

hard: calls for preferencing members of disadvantaged groups in order to increase representation and correct for past discrimination

Took away the quota system of accepting minorities, but schools can take race into account.

Struck down use of "bonus points" for race in undergrad admissions at University of Michigan.

Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan

Leadership;
How can the president fulfill his many responsibilities and meet high expectations when he has limited powers, few resources and operates in a context of high constraints?

Line item: can veto specific parts of the bill while letting the rest pass

Pocket: not signing the bill before the end of the legislative session.

Act that grants emergency executive powers to president to run war effort

a rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law.

grants a two-year period of deferred action from deportation and eligibility for a work permit to undocumented immigrants who arrived as children

The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.

A formal agreement between the U.S. president and the leaders of other nations that requires approval by both houses of Congress

an international agreement that is not a treaty and that is negotiated and approved by the president acting alone

- 2015
- Iranian nuclear deal w/ US
- Sanctions = lifted

An agreement within the United Nations to deal with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance starting in the year 2020

A pardon is a government decision to allow a person who has been convicted of a crime to be free and absolved of that conviction, as if they were never convicted

Commutations- executive lowering of the penalty

President appoints ambassadors, federal judges and officers of the United States

congressional maneuvers that could be used in the U.S. Senate that would require only a majority vote for approval rather than a super-majority

Supreme Court nominees are not allowed hearings in an election year

occasional written comments attached to a bill signed by the president

requires presidents to tell Congress when they plan to declare a national emergency.

the President of the United States possesses the power to control the entire federal executive branch.

An office that prepares the president's budget and also advises presidents on proposals from departments and agencies and helps review their proposed regulations.

Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives

the time following an election when a president's popularity is high and congressional relations are likely to be productive

Surge of public support for the president in times of international crisis.

going through congress:

going around congress:

going over congress:

going under congress:

Coordination;

How to fulfill your Constitutional responsibility to make national policy, oversee the executive and represent your constituents when the structure of the institution fragments power and creates the motivation to focus on local constituents – not national concerns.

the president can review, monitor, and supervise federal agencies, programs, and policy implementation

A form of retail politics in which members of Congress help people deal with the government on an individual level.

Mandatory spending: mandated by existing laws. This type of spending includes funding for entitlement programs like Medicare and Social Security

discretionary spending: money formally approved by Congress and the President during the appropriations process each year. Generally, Congress allocates over half of the discretionary budget towards national defense and the rest to fund the administration of other agencies and programs

legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return

Republicans will not allow the House to vote on a bill unless it has the support of a majority of the Republican caucus

A lengthy speech designed to delay or kill the vote on a bill; used only in the Senate

A procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate.

An officeholder who is seeking reelection.

A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area

committee appointed to perform a special function that is beyond the authority or capacity of a standing committee

composed of senior members of the standing committees of each house that originally considered the legislation

If everyone was rational, they would never vote on anything. Therefore, in order to win their vote they need an irrational compromise to get a majority vote.

The current system of government is stacked to favor the status quo, prevent policy changes, because proponents of legislation have to win a sequence of victories.

the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent

In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which a majority of the population is from the minority.

Legitimacy;

How can you retain your legitimacy – which is your primary resource – when you make and shape policy undemocratically on important areas in a democratic society?

the authority to hear cases for the first time

This is a request that the Supreme Court order a lower court to send up the record of the case for review.

referencing a person or group who is not a party to an action, but has a strong interest in the matter.

Let the decision stand; decisions are based on precedents from previous cases

The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional

the process by which courts interpret and apply legislation

Established judicial review

An interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)

a theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power

The Court is the "least dangerous branch"- Controls neither purse nor sword; reactive government not active. they can't go out of their way to do anything since they only do something when its brought to them

set forth the legal test for determining whether to grant deference to a government agency's interpretation of a statute which it administers.

overturned roe v wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Discarded three trimesters of row and focused on the viability of the fetus as the determining point where a state's interest in unborn life

Unlike the legislative branch, which can pass bills and the executive branch, which can implement them, the Judiciary is limited to interpreting the laws and Constitution and applying them to specific cases.

judicial review, as established by the Supreme Court in the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison. In this case, the Court ruled that it has the power to declare laws and actions of the other branches unconstitutional

Despite these limitations on its power, the Judiciary is still an important and influential branch of government. It plays a crucial role in interpreting the laws and Constitution and ensuring that they are applied consistently and fairly

4 limited powers:
- needs congress approval to declare war
- needs congress approval to pass laws
- cannot overturn supreme court decision
- cannot grant pardons for state crimes, only federal

3 resourcess to accomplish goals:
- has access to advisers and staff
- can influence members of legislature to support their own agenda
- executive orders

2 constraints:
- veto legislature by congress
- make appointments such as supreme court

Politics of the Pill