Biology Test 1

KPCOFGS

1.8 million

10-100 million

Order, regulation, energy processing, evolutionary adaptatin, response to environment, reproduction, growth and development

Genus species, italicized or underlined

Approach to science that is based on observations and data analysis, then makes conclusions

Hypothesis used to predict results

Testable/falsifiable, alternatives available, cannot be "proved" - can only fail to falsify

test group; receives treatment

not affected by experimental factors

Large, closed population, random mating, lots of resources/no competition, few predators --> little selection of specific traits

Looked at the adaptation of moths in England over time (peppered vs darker look)l Kettlewell and Majerus; showed natural selection's outcome isn't specific to one outcome

Showed that certain traits (such as bright spots) can increase in both habitats with no predators and light predators, whereas they will decrease in habitats with strong predators

Shifts population towards traits with better survival rates; predator preference, camouflage, color/mating preferences, reproductive success; no specific direction

Cell structures (cilia), DNA

Species that have similar traits; not accurate because one can find similarities and diversification within the same species

Individuals that can reproduce in nature to produce viable/fertile offspring

individuals that share same features (morphological, genetic, chemical) that point towards common ancestor

diagram that shows hypothetical evolutionary relationships

place where two branches meet

two branches that descend from the same immediate ancestor; interchangeable

study of shared traits with extant species and ancestral species

a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendents (monophyletic taxon)

a group that includes an ancester and ALL of its descendents

a group that starts with a common ancestor and includes some (but not all) the descendents

organisms classified using common traits but that aren't based on common ancestors

KPCOFGS

KPCOFGS

Type of speciation where geographic isolation stops gene flow

mix of genes from separate populations

Geographic isolation -> natural selection and genetic drift -> reproductive isolation -> speciation

Separated fruit flies of different colors to show allopatric speciation

origin of new species without geographic isolation

random genetic mutations

type of sympatric speciation where ecologically-based factors cause barriers to gene flow between populations (ecological/food/mating preferences)

temporal, habitat, behavioral, mechanical, gametic

animals reproduce at different times

barrier to reproduction because animals live in separate habitats (ex - crickets living in grass or sand)

barrier to reprod because behaviors only attract certain animals (ex - Bowerbird decorating nest or dancing)

barrier to reproduction because male genitalia doesn't work with all females (ex - Damselfly)

barrier to reproduction because the gametes are not compatible

sex sells aka haploids

fertilized egg, fused sex cells

reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

post-zygotic barrier where offspring isn't well-suited to surviving in the environment

post-zygotic barrier where offspring can't produce sex cells

post-zygotic barrier where hybrid is viable but second generation isn't (mostly found in plants like cotton)

Unicellular, small, no membrane-bound structures, cell wall of peptidoglycan or pseudomurin or s-layer made of 1 molecule, cell membrane, spherical-rod-spiral)

0.5-5 micrometers

10-100 micrometers

spherical prokarya

rod-shaped prokarya

cell wall that has pseudomurin, s-layer

a part of cell wall that is thin and made of only one molecule

cell membrane that is similar to eukarya and made of a lipid bilayer and fatty acids

cell membrane that is made up of a lipid bilayer or monolayer and phytanyl groups

cell part that synthesize proteins, has no membrane in prokaryotic cells

capsule, ribosomes, DNA, chromosomes/plasmid, flagellum, pilli

prokaryotic DNA that is exchanged in sexual reproduction

external structure of prokaryotic cells that is made of poly-saccharide; allows bacteria to attach to surfaces and communicate with other cells; outside cell wall

external structure of prokaryotic cells that is used for movement or secretion

different from adaptation but similar; when a function is co-opted from structures/chemicals/molecules that are meant for other purposes (ex - feathers originally for temperature regulation but also used for flight)

external structures on capsule of prokaryotic cells that are used to exchange plasmid and attach to surfaces

2 types of reproduction for prokaryotic cells

asexual reproduction of prokaryotic cells; no exchange of genetic material; duplication of DNA followed by division into two cells

sexual reproduction of prokaryotic cells; exchange of genetic material among individuals; beneficial to survival because genetic variation increases suitability to the environment

energy production from chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide (performed by archaea)

Name for archaea that live in extreme environments

High saline, high acidity, high temperature, deep ocean hydrothermal vent, anaerobic environments, soil, water, guts

Circular chromosome, no organelles; cell walls but no true peptidoglycan; hard to culture

Unicellular, Cell Wall

DNA/RNA synthesizing, chromosome replicating, DNA with histone

Last Universal Common Ancestor, determined by shared genese

Method to study non-culturable prokaryotes

Theory that life started on Earth's surface with UV light/lightning for energy

Theory that life started in Earth's vents with chemicals for energy

Phylum branched very early in Archaea; name means "young", found in vents and hot springs (ex - Candidatus Korarcheum cryptofilum)

Archaea phylym that includes methanogens and halophiles

Archaea that live in anaerobic habitats (sediments, guts); don't need O2 to make energy

Cows, goats, sheep, camels, deer, bison, etc - cud-chewing animals

CO2 + H2 --> CH4 + H2O

methanogen species; hyperthermophile

methanogen species found in 96% of human guts

Lack of methanogens to use up H2 can cause IBS/IBD

Phylym of archaea that live in hot springs, hydrothermal vents, acidic places, and ocean; thermo(acido)philes; chemosynthetic (sulfur)

Phylum of archaea that is known for being really small and parasitic

Example of an archaean nanoarcheota species

A type of Crenarcheote that is often a victim of nanoarcheota

taxon where the most ancestral traits are shared