Bio 25 exam 1

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

smallest unit of matter
join to make molecules

join to make organelles

form the cell

combine to make tissue

carries out important functions
join together to form organs

tissues acting on different functions
form a living organism

comprised of multiple organisms; living species
many populations form communities

community of living and non living objects

all communities on earth

acts as a regulator
maintains balance in the body
needs a receptor, effector, and control center

protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response

an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus.

processes the signal and sends instructions

1)stimulus
2)receptor
3)sensory neuron
4)control center
5)motorneurons
6)effector
7)response

controlled with nearby cells

controlled by cells far away

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles; unicellular organism

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes; multicellular organisms

the ingestion of liquid into a cell; very small

ingestion of material such as bacteria in the cell

Control center of the cell

Makes proteins; protein synthesis

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment

The transportation system of the cell. It moves materials around the cell; makes protein and lipids

the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification

Site of steroid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons.

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

An organelle containing digestive enzymes; breaks down unwanted material

Powerhouse of the cell

Organelles that attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins

Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide; digests fatty acid and alcohol

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Rough endoplasmic reticulum → transport vesicles → Golgi apparatus→Golgi Cisternae → transport vesicles → Outer cellular surface

synthesis (creation)of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

converting genetics information into protein; mRNA is code for ribosomes to be made

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells; quick

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

band of glycoproteins, binds cells together

A type of cell junction in cells that functions like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets

anchor cells to the basement membrane

chemical substances that carry messages through the body in blood

Tiny spaces between neurons; the gaps between neurons are referred to as synaptic gaps; provides communication for ATP

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

a carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate and released as carbon dioxide. The two-carbon molecule from the first step is oxidized, and NAD+ accepts the electrons to form NADH. The oxidized two-carbon molecule, an acetyl group, is attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA.

the second stage of glucose oxidation which occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; pyruvate is taken in and broken down and reassembled; in the process 2 CO2 molecules made, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH

it occurs in the mitochondria
it occurs through cellular respiration and created energy

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Having a lower concentration of solute outside the cell than higher solution inside

solution with higher concentration is outside, lower inside

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

total concentration of all solute particles in a solution

two solutions having the same osmolarity

less then 300 mOmol/liter if solutes

greater than 300 mOmol/liter of solute

The concentration of a solution is the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume. In diffusion, more concentrated particles move to less concentrated areas.

diffusion of water

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

the substance in which the solute dissolves

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

The spread of something over a given area; represented with percents

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

The voltage across a cell's plasma membrane.

help maintain the concentration gradient

the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway