Nutrition Exam 4 (11,12,13)

A child with beaded ribs is likely deficient in which vitamin?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E

A vitamin D-dependent transport protein is known as ________.
a. calciferol
b. calbindin
c. phylloquinone
d. chlorophyll
e. osteocalcin

Abnormal drying of the skin due to vitamin A deficiency is known as ________.
a. cheilosis
b. xerosis
c. ketosis
d. melanosis
e. alkalosis

About what percentage of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver?
a. 20%
b. 30%
c. 50%
d. 70%
e. 90%

An adult deficient in vitamin D may experience softening of the bones, which is called "________."
a. rickets
b. osteomalacia
c. keratomalacia
d. hyperkeratosis
e. osteopenia

At birth, a single dose of vitamin ________ is given by intramuscular injection.
a. A
b. D2
c. D3
d. E
e. K

Calbindin is a calcium-binding transport protein that requires which vitamin for its synthesis?
a. A
b. E
c. D
d. K1
e. K2

Diseases affecting the liver or which other organ can interfere with the activation of vitamin D and produce symptoms of deficiency?
a. skin
b. pancreas
c. intestines
d. kidneys
e. stomach

Excess vitamin D may result in ________.
a. increased bone density
b. increased bone calcification
c. deformity of leg bones, ribs, and skull
d. mineral deposits in soft tissues like the kidney
e. osteoporosis

Fat soluble vitamins have a greater risk for toxicity because they are not easily ________.
a. absorbed
b. destroyed
c. excreted
d. hydrolyzed
e. converted

How does vitamin A affect bone health?
a. It stimulates uptake of calcium from the intestines.
b. It promotes synthesis of specific bone proteins involved in the mineralization process.
c. It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone, thereby allowing remodeling to occur.
d. It inhibits oxidation of bone mucopolysaccharides, thereby preserving bone crystal integrity and promoting growth.
e. It ensures the formation of healthy bone matrix in utero.

How long does it take in newborn infants for establishment of vitamin K-producing bacteria in the intestinal tract?
a. 2 days
b. 2 weeks
c. 1 day
d. 1 week
e. None of these is correct.

If a normal, healthy adult stopped eating vitamin A-containing foods, deficiency symptoms would begin to appear in about ________.
a. 6 weeks
b. 2 to 3 months
c. 3 to 6 months
d. 6 months to 1 year
e. 1 to 2 years

Much of the vitamin E in the diet comes from ________.
a. lean meats
b. fish
c. vegetable oils
d. tropical fruits
e. tomatoes

Of the following, which is rapidly corrected when treated with vitamin A supplements?
a. rickets
b. osteomalacia
c. acne
d. scurvy
e. night blindness

Osteocalcin ________.
a. is a vitamin K-deficiency disease in children
b. binds calcium in the GI tract to enhance absorption
c. requires vitamin K to bind to bone-forming minerals
d. is a disease characterized by softening of the bones
e. binds to vitamin K and is excreted in feces

Peak bone mass is developed by age ________.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 30
e. 60

Pigments found in plants and animals, some of which have vitamin A activity are ________.
a. carotenoids
b. chlorophylls
c. xanthophylls
d. retinoids
e. quinones

Pigments found in plants responsible for the color changes in autumn leaves are ________.
a. chlorphylls
b. xanthophylls
c. sporophylls
d. mesophylls
e. cataphylls

Progressive blindness caused by severe vitamin A deficiency is called "________."
a. osteomalacia
b. xerophthalmia
c. xanthophyllia
d. keratinization
e. keratomalacia

Retinoic acid can stimulate cell growth in ________.
a. skin
b. tumors
c. hair
d. nails
e. lungs

Retinol-binding protein picks up vitamin A from the ________ and carries it to the blood.
a. kidneys
b. pancreas
c. intestines
d. gallbladder
e. liver

Substances that induce oxidative stress are called "________."
a. prooxidants
b. antioxidants
c. free radical generators
d. reactive electron oxidants
e. oxidative facilitators

The active vitamin E compound is ________.
a. alpha-tocopherol
b. beta-tocopherol
c. gamma-tocopherol
d. delta-tocopherol
e. theta-tocopherol

The best way to add antioxidants to the diet is to ________.
a. rely on supplements to meet RDA
b. combine dietary intake and supplementation
c. add a selenium supplement to a diet rich in vitamin E
d. eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily
e. create a diet rich in low-carb, high-protein foods

The condition of having too few red blood cells related to vitamin E deficiency is which type of anemia?
a. aplastic
b. hemolytic
c. microcytic
d. megaloblastic
e. macrocytic

The highest attainable bone density for an individual is called ________.
a. total bone mass
b. ideal bone mass
c. peak bone mass
d. absolute bone mass
e. optimal bone mass

The transparent membrane covering the outside of the eye is called the "________."
a. sclera
b. iris
c. pupil
d. cornea
e. lens

The World Health Organization and UNICEF recommend supplements of which of the following for all measles-infected infants and children?
a. iron
b. vitamin A
c. folic acid
d. phylloquinone
e. vitamin E

Upon absorption, fat-soluble vitamins travel through the lymphatic system within ________ before entering the bloodstream.
a. chylomicrons
b. albumin
c. cholesterol
d. osteocalcin
e. calbindin

Vitamin A deficiency causes the epithelial cells of the skin to change shape and to secrete the protein ________.
a. beta globulin
b. collagen
c. opsin
d. elastin
e. keratin

Vitamin D's specific role in bone health is to assist in ________.
a. the secretion of calcitriol
b. the synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol
c. the synthesis of carotenoids
d. calcium and phosphorus absorption and calcium mobilization from bone
e. converting magnesium and fluoride to more readily absorbable compounds

Vitamin D2 is derived from plant foods and also is known as ________.
a. foliocalciferol
b. ergocalciferol
c. phyllocalciferol
d. xanthociferol
e. cholecalciferol

Vitamin E functions primarily as ________.
a. a peroxide
b. a coenzyme
c. an antioxidant
d. a free radical
e. an immune stimulant

Vitamin K deficiency is most likely in which of the following groups?
a. young adults
b. elderly
c. newborns
d. teenagers
e. middle-aged adults

Vitamin K participates in the synthesis of prothrombin and ________.
a. osteocalcin
b. adipose tissue
c. calbindin
d. calciferol
e. teratogen

What form of vitamin A supports reproduction but not growth?
a. retinol
b. retinal
c. retinyl esters
d. Retin-A
e. retinoic acid

What happens to an animal raised on retinoic acid as its only source of vitamin A?
a. It becomes blind.
b. It cannot reproduce.
c. Its growth is stunted.
d. It grows to an abnormally large size.
e. It produces more offspring.

What is another name for vitamin D3?
a. foliocalciferol
b. ergocalciferol
c. phyllocalciferol
d. xanthociferol
e. cholecalciferol

What is prothrombin?
a. a storage protein for vitamin K
b. a transport protein for vitamin E
c. an active protein needed for bone formation
d. an inactive protein needed for blood clot formation
e. a soluble protein that decreases the "stickiness" of red blood cells

What is the alcohol form of vitamin A?
a. beta-carotene
b. retinal
c. retinoic
d. retinol
e. alpha-carotene

What is the name of the disease that can result from absence of clotting factors due to vitamin K deficiency?
a. GI disorders
b. arrythmia
c. Alzheimer's
d. hemorrhagic disease
e. hemophilia

What is the name of the type of reaction required to activate vitamin D?
a. hydroxylation
b. hydrogenation
c. hydration
d. gluconeogenesis
e. glycation

What is the RDA for vitamin A in women?
a. 100 μg RAE/day
b. 300 μg RAE/day
c. 500 μg RAE/day
d. 700 μg RAE/day
e. 900 μg RAE/day

What is the RDA for vitamin D for a 20-year-old person?
a. 5 mg
b. 10 mg
c. 15 mg
d. 20 mg
e. 50 mg

What is the RDA of vitamin E for adults?
a. 5 mg
b. 10 mg
c. 15 mg
d. 30 mg
e. 60 mg

What is the UL for vitamin E?
a. 100 mg/day
b. 120 mg/day
c. 500 mg/day
d. 1000 mg/day
e. 1200 mg/day

What is the UL for vitamin K?
a. 200 μg/day
b. 400 μg/day
c. 600 μg/day
d. 500 μg/day
e. There is no UL.

What percentage of vitamin K is derived from foods?
a. less than 5
b. 25
c. 50
d. 85
e. 95

What U.S. population group is at highest risk for vitamin D deficiency?
a. infants
b. elderly
c. adult women
d. children ages 2-12 years
e. whites living in tropical areas

Where is calbindin primarily found in the body?
a. liver
b. kidneys
c. intestine
d. skin
e. bones

Which disorder is seen in premature infants deficient in vitamin E?
a. rickets
b. xerophthalmia
c. muscular dystrophy
d. erythrocyte hemolysis
e. osteomalacia

Which food is a rich source of retinoids?
a. cantaloupe
b. liver
c. spinach
d. broccoli
e. sweet potato

Which food source is richest in vitamin E?
a. wild fatty fish
b. wheat germ oil
c. leafy green vegetables
d. liver
e. mushrooms

Which is the least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins?
a. A
b. E
c. K
d. D2
e. D3

Which member of the vitamin E family is maintained in the body and can meet the body's needs?
a. alpha-tocotrienol
b. alpha-tocopherol
c. beta-tocopherol
d. gamma-tocotrienol
e. delta-tocopherol

Which of the following accurately describes free radicals?
a. They are destroyed by air pollution.
b. They arise from normal metabolic reactions.
c. They promote cell repair and act as an anti-inflammatory agent.
d. They are immune to the presence of antioxidant nutrients.
e. They are more common in infants and children than adults and the elderly.

Which of the following accurately describes vitamin D from the sun?
a. Sunscreens with an SPF of 8 or higher increase vitamin D synthesis.
b. Only about one-half of the world's population relies on sunlight to maintain adequate vitamin D nutrition.
c. Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity.
d. For someone living in Chicago, vitamin D stores from the summer months are usually sufficient to meet the needs during the winter.
e. Pigments in dark skins increase vitamin D synthesis.

Which of the following describes the effect of vitamin A in foods?
a. Fast-food French fries are good sources of vitamin A.
b. Arctic explorers who have eaten large quantities of polar bear liver have become ill with symptoms suggesting vitamin A toxicity.
c. To date, scientists have been unable to solve the problem of vitamin A deficiencies in developing countries.
d. Xanthophylls in vegetables can be converted to active vitamin A in the intestinal cells.
e. Pregnant women should eat at least one ounce of beef liver per day to help ensure normal fetal eye development.

Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A?
a. peanut butter
b. butternut squash
c. sunflower seeds
d. whole-grain bread
e. pinto beans

Which of the following is a bone disease characterized by softening of the bones and occurs most often in adult women?
a. osteoporosis
b. osteopenia
c. osteoarthritis
d. osteomalacia
e. osteomyelitis

Which of the following is a feature of Retin-A?
a. It is effective in treating rickets.
b. It is taken orally to treat the deep lesions of cystic acne.
c. It is known to be effective in fighting acne and wrinkles.
d. It prevents birth defects when used by pregnant women.
e. It is known to cause inflammation and darkly pigmented skin.

Which of the following is a good source of vitamin K?
a. pumpkin seeds
b. bananas
c. corn
d. brussel sprouts
e. egg yolks

Which of the following is a light-sensitive pigment found within the retina?
a. xanthophylls
b. melanin
c. chlorophyll
d. opsin
e. rhodopsin

Which of the following is a naturally occurring food source of vitamin D?
a. egg whites
b. red meats
c. tomato juice
d. carrots
e. salmon

Which of the following is NOT a form of vitamin A?
a. retinoic acid
b. retinol
c. retinal
d. beta-carotene
e. retinoquinone

Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet?
a. fruits
b. sardines
c. potatoes
d. legumes
e. whole grains

Which of the following is the normal protein of the hair and nails?
a. biotin
b. keratin
c. collagen
d. choline
e. pancreatin

Which of the following is true of vitamin A in foods?
a. Plant foods contain carotenoids but no retinoids.
b. Xanthophylls are an indication of vitamin A content in plant foods.
c. Vitamin A is not known to cause toxicity at any intake level.
d. Skim milk is a good source of dietary vitamin A.
e. The body can covert retinoids but not carotenoids to vitamin A.

Which of the following nutrients did researchers recognize first?
a. vitamin A
b. vitamin K1
c. vitamin K2
d. vitamin E
e. vitamin D

Which of the following proteins is responsible for transporting vitamin A from the liver to other tissues?
a. albumin
b. rhodopsin
c. retinol-binding protein
d. transcarotenoid protein
e. RBC

Which of the following statements about vitamin A's role in the body is FALSE?
a. Only one-thousandth of the body's vitamin A is in the retina.
b. Vitamin A and beta-carotene protect the skin from sun damage.
c. Vitamin A maintains healthy cells in the mucous membranes.
d. Vitamin A supports normal fetal development during pregnancy.
e. Lycopene serves as a vitamin A precursor and acts as an antioxidant.

Which of the following statements about vitamin D's role in the body is FALSE?
a. Adequate intake slows the progression of Parkinson's disease.
b. Evidence shows supplementation has health benefits beyond correcting deficiencies.
c. It signals cells of the immune system to defend against infectious diseases.
d. Gene activity that regulates cell growth is enhanced or suppressed.
e. It may protect against hypertension, inflammation, and type 2 diabetes.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the vitamin E in foods?
a. Vitamin E is fairly stable to heat.
b. Most convenience foods are good sources of vitamin E.
c. Saturated oils are the major dietary sources of vitamin E.
d. The amount of alpha-tocopherol in foods is underestimated.
e. Egg yolks are a good source of vitamin E.

Which of the following statements accurately describes vitamin A’s role in vision?
a. Retinoic acid is the form required for synthesis of retinoblasts.
b. Light causes retinal to shift from a cis to a trans configuration.
c. Retinol is the form bound to beta-carotene in the corneal membrane.
d. Pigment molecules in the retina are composed of vitamin A and the protein elastin.
e. Retinol protects the visual cortex from teratogenic chemicals.

Which of the following terms refers to the plant form of vitamin K?
a. ergodione
b. menaquinone
c. tocopherone
d. phylloquinone
e. ergotamine

Which of the following vitamins may reduce the risk of heart disease by slowing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins?
a. A
b. E
c. K
d. D2
e. D3

Which of the following would cause a secondary vitamin K deficiency?
a. excess bile production
b. antibiotics
c. presence of oxalic acid in food
d. insufficient intake of green leafy vegetables
e. a high-fat, high-protein diet

Which part of the eye contains billions of molecules of vitamin A?
a. sclera
b. cornea
c. choroid
d. retina
e. macula

Which term refers to blindness caused by severe vitamin A deficiency?
a. osteomalacia
b. hemophilia
c. xerophthalmia
d. rickets
e. cheilosis

With the help of sunlight, the body can synthesize vitamin D from a precursor made from ________.
a. histamine
b. beta-carotene
c. tryptophan
d. cholesterol
e. eicosapentaenoic acid

Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency causes about how many children to go blind each year?
a. 125,000
b. 250,000
c. 500,000
d. 750,000
e. 1,000,000

Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. Your friend is careful about her health and only purchases organic and all natural foods. Based on this information alone, which of the following foods would you recommend your friend regularly buy at the grocery store?
a. whole-grain bread
b. vitamin D-fortified milk
c. vitamin A-fortified carrot juice
d. wheat germ
e. vitamin K-rich whole-grain cereals

A bone condition in which bone loss is significant, but not as severe as in osteoporosis is termed ________.
a. osteomalacia
b. osteoarthritis
c. osteopenia
d. osteomyelitis
e. osteoplasia

A decreased concentration of sodium in the blood is known specifically as ________.
a. hyponatremia
b. hypertension
c. hypodiuresis
d. hyperkalemia
e. water intoxication

Abnormally low calcium levels in the blood results in ________.
a. calcium rigor
b. calcium tetany
c. myosinotoxicosis
d. calmodulin dysfunction
e. hyperkalemia

About how many people never walk or live independently again after sustaining an osteoporosis-related hip fracture?
a. 2%
b. 6%
c. 20%
d. 33%
e. 50%

Aldosterone and renin each promote ________.
a. electrolyte balance
b. sodium retention
c. calcium excretion
d. vasoconstriction
e. potassium retention

Aldosterone is released by the ________.
a. adrenal glands
b. kidneys
c. pituitary gland
d. hypothalamus
e. liver

Among the following, which is a powerful vasoconstrictor?
a. angiotensin I
b. angiotensin II
c. aldosterone
d. renin
e. magnesium

At what age is peak bone mass typically reached?
a. 8 years
b. 13 years
c. 20 years
d. 30 years
e. 40 years

Blood calcium levels above normal results in ________.
a. weaker bones and teeth
b. stronger bones and teeth
c. calcium rigor
d. calcium tetany
e. calcium surplus

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Which mineral is the second most abundant?
a. sodium
b. chloride
c. potassium
d. magnesium
e. phosphorus

Calcium supplements should be taken ________.
a. with a meal to enhance absorption of calcium
b. with iron supplements to enhance absorption of iron
c. with a meal to circumvent adverse nutrient interactions
d. in large doses all at once
e. in doses of 500 mg or more

Compounds that keep a solution's pH constant when acids or bases are added are called "________."
a. solutes
b. buffers
c. ions
d. anions
e. cations

Fluid within blood vessels is called ________..
a. intracellular fluid
b. intravascular fluid
c. extracellular fluid
d. extravascular fluid
e. total body fluid

How is the concentration of electrolyte charges measured?
a. by weight
b. in milliequivalents
c. by amperes
d. by mass
e. in millijoules

How many milligrams of chloride are in 1 gram of table salt?
a. 200
b. 300
c. 400
d. 500
e. 600

Ions that carry a negative charge are called ________.
a. prions
b. valence ions
c. cations
d. mineralytes
e. anions

Which of the following accurately describes antidiuretic hormone?
a. It is released by the glomerulus on a signal from the hypothalamus.
b. It is produced in response to low sodium concentration in the blood.
c. It stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys.
d. It lowers blood pressure.
e. It signals the kidneys to excrete more bodily fluids.

Losses of trabecular bone start becoming significant for men and woman at about age ________.
a. 20
b. 30
c. 35
d. 40
e. 50

More than half of the body's magnesium is in the ________.
a. bones
b. teeth
c. extracellular fluid
d. cells of soft tissue
e. muscle

Obligatory water excretion is a minimum of about how many milliliters of water each day?
a. 75
b. 125
c. 250
d. 500
e. 1000

Of the following minerals, which is found in the body in the lowest amount?
a. potassium
b. iron
c. calcium
d. phosphorus
e. sodium

Of the following, which food contains a phytate?
a. rhubarb
b. spinach
c. legumes
d. beet greens
e. sweet potatoes

Of the following, which person is most likely to experience a chloride imbalance?
a. an Olympic weightlifter
b. a teenager with bulimia nervosa
c. an infant with sickle cell anemia
d. an elderly person with dementia
e. a vegan

Of the following, which person most likely at risk for potassium depletion?
a. an Olympic weightlifter
b. a teenager who eats few fruits and vegetables
c. an woman with heavy menstrual periods
d. an elderly person with dementia
e. a vegan

On a typical day, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium ingested to the amount of sodium excreted?
a. Intake is higher.
b. Excretion is higher.
c. Intake and excretion are equal.
d. Excretion is unrelated to intake.
e. With extreme sodium intake, they are unrelated; with normal sodium intake, ingestion is greater than excretion.

On average, adults absorb what percentage of the calcium they ingest?
a. 20%
b. 30%
c. 50%
d. 65%
e. 80%

Positively charged ions are called "________."
a. anions
b. protons
c. neutrons
d. cations
e. exions

Salts that dissociate into ions are called ________.
a. osmolytes
b. diuretics
c. antidiuretics
d. angiotensinogens
e. electrolytes

The acidity of the body's fluids is determined by the concentration of ________.
a. sodium
b. glucose
c. potassium
d. hydrogen ions
e. alcohol

The AI for potassium is how many mg per day?
a. 1200
b. 2700
c. 3500
d. 4000
e. 4700

The body's total acid burden remains nearly constant, and the acidity of which of the following substances fluctuates to accommodate that balance?
a. Blood
b. Urine
c. Stool
d. Sweat
e. Breath

The DASH diet plan may prevent hypertension and ________.
a. cancer
b. osteoporosis
c. dementia
d. constipation
e. diabetes

The extracellular fluid in the blood vessels is called "________."
a. interstitial fluid
b. intracellular fluid
c. intravascular fluid
d. fluid within blood vessels
e. fluid within lungs

The greatest source of sodium in the diet is ________.
a. processed foods
b. unprocessed foods
c. natural salt content of foods
d. salt added during cooking
e. salt added at the table

The inner, lacy matrix of bone is called "________."
a. cortical bone
b. dolomitic bone
c. trabecular bone
d. hydroxyl bone
e. structural bone

The pH of the blood is maintained at which of the following ranges?
a. 7.05-7.15
b. 7.15-7.25
c. 7.35-7.45
d. 7.45-7.55
e. 7.55-7.65

The process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystallize on the collagen matrix of a growing bone is termed "________."
a. hydrolyzation
b. mineralization
c. concentration
d. activation
e. dehydration

Water constitutes about what percentage of an adult's body weight?
a. 35%
b. 40%
c. 55%
d. 60%
e. 75%

Water derived daily from beverages, food, and metabolism averages about how many milliliters?
a. 750
b. 1000
c. 1500
d. 2500
e. 5000

Water drawn from a well that taps a confined aquifer in which the water is under pressure is called ________.
a. natural water
b. purified water
c. spring water
d. artesian water
e. mineral water

What does a DEXA scan measure?
a. bone mineral density
b. severity of bone microfractures
c. effect of sodium and potassium supplements
d. calcium and water balance
e. movement of calcium throughout the body

What does chloride do in the body?
a. participates in blood clotting
b. helps maintain gastric acidity
c. stabilizes protein shape
d. protects bone structures against degeneration
e. supports immune system functioning

What does magnesium do in the body?
a. participates in blood clotting
b. helps maintain gastric acidity
c. stabilizes protein shape
d. assists in energy metabolism
e. supports immune system functioning

What does phosphorus do in the body?
a. participates in blood clotting
b. helps maintain gastric acidity
c. acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
d. stabilizes protein shape
e. assists in energy metabolism

What does potassium do in the body?
a. participates in blood clotting
b. helps maintain gastric acidity
c. acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
d. stabilizes protein shape
e. acts as a neurotransmitter

What is hydroxyapatite?
a. a calcium-binding protein that regulates muscle contractions
b. crystals made of calcium and phosphorus
c. a calcium regulatory hormone secreted by the thyroid gland
d. a compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits absorption
e. potassium and sodium crystals found in the framework of bones

What is the main extracellular anion?
a. phosphorus
b. potassium
c. chloride
d. sodium
e. magnesium

What is the principal extracellular cation?
a. sodium
b. chloride
c. potassium
d. magnesium
e. phosphorus

What is the principal intracellular cation?
a. sodium
b. chloride
c. potassium
d. magnesium
e. phosphorus

What is the RDA of calcium (mg/day) for college-aged adults?
a. 800
b. 1000
c. 1200
d. 1300
e. 1500

What is the strongest predictor of bone density?
a. sex
b. genetics
c. nutrition
d. age
e. physical activity

What is the term for the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a cell membrane?
a. hypertension
b. hypotension
c. centripetal pressure
d. osmotic pressure
e. solute pressure

What is the typical amount of water lost from the GI tract every day?
a. 50
b. 100
c. 150
d. 200
e. 250

What is the UL for phosphorus?
a. 1200 mg
b. 2500 mg
c. 3500 mg
d. 4000 mg
e. 4500 mg

What is the UL for sodium for adults?
a. 750 mg
b. 900 mg
c. 1200 mg
d. 2300 mg
e. 3500 mg

What percent of the body's calcium is found in the body fluids?
a. 99%
b. 50%
c. 1%
d. 5%
e. 10%

What percentage of lean tissue weight consists of water?
a. 15%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 60%
e. 75%

What percentage of the U.S. population exceeds the recommended intake for sodium?
a. 50%
b. 60%
c. 70%
d. 80%
e. 90%

What term describes water that resides between cells?
a. interstitial fluid
b. diuretic fluid
c. intravascular fluid
d. avascular fluid
e. intracellular fluid

What toxic substance may be contained in calcium supplements made form bone meal, oyster shell, or dolomite?
a. lead
b. cyanide
c. hydrazine
d. BPA
e. ricin

Where in the body is sulfur concentrated and found in larger amounts?
a. pancreas and liver
b. intestines
c. bones and teeth
d. skeletal muscle
e. skin, hair, and nails

Where is intracellular fluid found?
a. within the lungs
b. within cells
c. between cells
d. within the digestive system
e. within blood vessels

Which are the principle minerals of soft water?
a. sodium or calcium
b. sodium or potassium
c. potassium or iron
d. sodium or selenium
e. potassium or magnesium

Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels rise too high?
a. calbindin
b. calcitonin
c. aldosterone
d. antidiuretic hormone
e. parathyroid hormone

Which is an example of a protein that regulates the flow of fluids and ions in and out of cells?
a. calcium-magnesium pump
b. sodium-potassium pump
c. potassium-magnesium pump
d. iron-sodium pump
e. iron-potassium pump

Which nutrient provides a major source of dietary sulfur?
a. fats
b. protein
c. fat-soluble vitamins
d. carbohydrates
e. water

Which of the following accurately describes magnesium as it relates to nutrition?
a. Toxicity is common in people taking diuretics.
b. High intakes erode tooth enamel.
c. Hard water has been shown to increase hypertension due to low levels of magnesium.
d. Average intakes from food are below recommendations.
e. There is no upper level for intake set for adults.

Which of the following accurately describes minerals?
a. When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash.
b. The body absorbs each mineral from foods in much the same way.
c. Minerals in food can be destroyed by acid.
d. The body needs about 200 milligrams of each trace mineral each day.
e. Major minerals are more important than trace minerals.

Which of the following accurately describes phosphorus as it relates to nutrition?
a. Rich sources include fresh vegetables.
b. Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown.
c. Soft drinks reduce absorption.
d. Toxicity is common among vegetarians and causes kidney failure.
e. Eggs and milk are relatively poor sources.

Which of the following accurately describes water balance and recommended intakes?
a. Water intoxication is rare but can result in death.
b. Most water is lost in breathing through the lungs.
c. The first sign of dehydration is an increased respiratory rate.
d. The color of urine is used to diagnose a person's hydration status.
e. Liberal fluid intake, 2 liters or more, is recommended during times of heavy sweating.

Which of the following electrolytes is concentrated primarily outside the body's cells?
a. calcium
b. potassium
c. magnesium
d. phosphate
e. sulfate

Which of the following foods is high in potassium and low in sodium?
a. canned cream corn
b. corn on the cob
c. instant banana pudding
d. frozen apple pie
e. corn flake cereal

Which of the following helps make the calcium-binding protein needed for calcium absorption?
a. vitamin D
b. fiber
c. oxalic acid
d. glucose
e. phytic acid

Which of the following is a risk related to soft water in the home?
a. Excessively high concentrations of calcium.
b. Excessively high concentrations of magnesium.
c. Residues in bathtubs and washing machines.
d. More contaminant minerals like cadmium and lead in drinking water.
e. Insufficient levels of sodium and potassium.

Which of the following is an enzyme released from the kidneys in response to low blood pressure?
a. epinephrine
b. angiotensinogen
c. angiotensin
d. aldosterone
e. renin

Which of the following is not regulated by the FDA as water?
a. soft water
b. public water
c. natural water
d. distilled water
e. carbonated water

Which of the following is NOT true about drinking caffeinated beverages?
a. They cause significantly more fluid loss than water.
b. They contribute about the same amount of fluid as noncaffeinated beverages.
c. They may contribute to weight gain if sweeteners are added.
d. They enhance the absorption of some minerals.
e. They are a better beverage choice than plain water for most people.

Which of the following is one of the best sources of dietary calcium per kilocalorie?
a. sardines with bones
b. cottage cheese
c. peanut butter
d. eggs
e. almonds

Which of the following is present in highest concentration in hard water?
a. magnesium
b. sodium
c. potassium
d. manganese
e. phosphorus

Which term describes substances that are dissolved in a solution?
a. solutes
b. ions
c. buffers
d. solids
e. minerals

Which two organs control the buffer system that regulate the body's acid-base balance?
a. skin and lungs
b. liver and kidneys
c. kidneys and lung
d. stomach and liver
e. stomach and pancreas

Which type of water is generated as an end product during condensation reactions and the oxidation of energy yielding nutrients?
a. Artesian
b. Purified
c. Mineral
d. Metabolic
e. Well

Essential mineral nutrients needed in amounts of less than 100 milligrams a day are known as
a. contaminant minerals
b. major minerals
c. micronutrients
d. trace minerals
e. heavy metal minerals

Iodine plays an integral part in which hormone?
a. estrogen
b. insulin
c. thyroid hormone
d. antidiuretic hormone
e. testosterone

Iron balance is maintained in the body mainly through ________.
a. respiration
b. absorption
c. excretion
d. gluconeogenesis
e. glycolysis

Lycopene may help protect against
a. osteoporosis
b. heart disease
c. dementia
d. diabetes
e. anemia

What measurement is useful for detecting iron deficiency in its earliest stage?
a. red blood cell count
b. hematocrit
c. serum iron level
d. transferrin saturation
e. serum ferritin

Which of the following characterizes iron-deficiency anemia?
a. macrocytic red blood cells
b. microcytic red blood cells
c. purplish tongue
d. reddened cheeks
e. hyperchromic red blood cells

Which of the following is a characteristic of trace minerals?
a. A deficiency sign common to many trace minerals is dermatitis.
b. The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition.
c. Deficiencies are more difficult to recognize in children than in adults.
d. The amount of all trace minerals in the average person totals approximately 100 grams.
e. They function independently in the body.

Which of the following is true of manganese?
a. It is found in all organs of the body.
b. Its absorption is improved by phytates.
c. Toxicities are more likely to occur from a contaminated environment than from excess dietary intake.
d. It is found in a wide range of foods, including meat and milk.
e. There is no RDA because deficiencies are unknown.

About how much iron does the usual US diet provide per 1000 kcalories?
a. 3 to 4 mg
b. 6 to 7 mg
c. 10 to 11 mg
d. 15 to 16 mg
e. 18 to 19 mg

About what percentage of the iron consumed in one day represents heme iron?
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 25%
d. 50%
e. 90%

About what percentage of the US population is deficient in iron?
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 20%
d. 33%
e. 42%

An important function of selenium is to ________.
a. help blood clot
b. prevent free-radical formation
c. stimulate the taste buds
d. help in metabolism of cholesterol
e. work with vitamin E in formation of hemoglobin

Characteristics of molybdenum toxicity as reported in animal studies include?
a. kidney damage and reproductive abnormalities
b. enhances activity of insulin
c. liver abnormalities
d. The RDA is 0.1 mcg per day.
e. It does not have an RDA because not enough is known about it.

Chromium deficiency is characterized by ________.
a. hyperglycemia
b. hypertension
c. hypothyroidism
d. weight loss
e. hyperparathyroidism

Copper helps in the formation of which of the following?
a. hepcidin
b. hemoglobin
c. MFP factor
d. parathyroid hormone
e. metallothionein

Enzymes that contain one or more minerals as part of their structures are known as ________.
a. coenzymes
b. metalloenzymes
c. cofactor enzymes
d. pancreatic enzymes
e. nonessential enzymes

For most people in the United States, the best source of fluoride is ________.
a. fluoridated drinking water
b. toothpaste
c. fresh fruits and vegetables
d. fluoride supplements
e. meat

For which category have DRIs not yet been determined?
a. essential trace minerals
b. nonessential trace minerals
c. essential major minerals
d. nonessential major minerals
e. contaminant minerals

Goitrogens are substances that ________.
a. naturally occur in certain vegetables, such as collards, brussel sprouts, and kale
b. are additives used in food processing
c. develop as a result of iodine toxicity
d. help in uptake of iodine by the thyroid
e. can lead to cancerous growths in the pituitary gland

Heavy metals have a relatively high
a. bioavailability
b. atomic weight
c. number of double bonds
d. toxicity
e. incidence of exposure

How is copper like iron?
a. Both are needed in many of the reactions involved in energy metabolism.
b. Both are found in ample amounts in milk.
c. A deficiency of both causes anemia.
d. Both are better absorbed in the presence of ascorbic acid.
e. Deficiencies of both are related to the development of pica.

How is iron used in the bone marrow?
a. It is converted to myoglobin and sent to the muscle for storage.
b. It is used to produce transferrin.
c. It is used to make hemoglobin
d. It is used to convert hemoglobin to myoglobin
e. It becomes a cofactor and used during energy metabolism.

In developing countries, blood loss is often brought on by ________.
a. lack of sufficient intake of foods
b. frequent injuries
c. pregnancy and childbirth
d. iron overload
e. malaria and parasitic infections of the GI tract

In which of the following functions is zinc NOT involved?
a. regulation of gene expression
b. blood clotting
c. insulin storage
d. growth and development
e. secretion of stomach acids

Keshan disease is associated with deficiency of which minerals?
a. iron
b. zinc
c. iodine
d. selenium
e. chromium

Of these foods, which is a significant source of iodine?
a. dairy products
b. kale
c. orange juice
d. processed foods
e. brussels sprouts

Of these foods, which is the best source of iron?
a. tuna
b. pinto beans
c. peanut butter
d. tofu
e. parsley

Of these foods, which is the best source of zinc?
a. tomato juice
b. oysters
c. potatoes
d. eggs
e. watermelon

The amount of selenium found in vegetables depends on which factor?
a. selenium content of their soil
b. how they are cooked
c. how they are stored
d. the color of the vegetable
e. whether they are organically grown

The baking industry uses which of the following as dough conditioners?
a. sugars
b. alcohol
c. carbon dioxide
d. iodates
e. triglycerides

The deficiency of which mineral causes Keshan disease?
a. selenium
b. iron
c. zinc
d. copper
e. molybdenum

The erythrocyte protoporphyrin level is an indicator of ________.
a. late iron toxicity
b. early iron toxicity
c. late iron deficiency
d. early iron deficiency
e. adequacy or iron stores

The iodization of salt ________.
a. began in the United States in the 1880s
b. has helped eradicate most cases of cretinism in the United States
c. is mandatory in the United States
d. is available to only about 10% of households in developing countries
e. has no benefit except for children

The RDA for iodine ________.
a. can be met only by consuming iodized salt
b. can be met in 1 tablespoon of iodized salt
c. is the same for men and women
d. is higher in men
e. is higher in women

To avoid iodine toxicity, the UL is set at ________.
a. 75 µg/day
b. 500 µg/day
c. 1100 µg/day
d. 1200 µg/day
e. 1500 µg/day

Treatment for copper deficiency that results from the genetic disorder, such as Menkes disease, involves ________.
a. chelation
b. zinc supplements
c. copper supplements
d. intravenous copper
e. low-iron diet

What does severe iodine deficiency cause during pregnancy?
a. gestational diabetes
b. iron deficiency
c. protein malabsorption
d. ketosis
e. cretinism

What is a possible health benefit of anthocyanins?
a. to promote weight loss
b. to prevent some cancers
c. to reduce complications of diabetes
d. to protect against the effects of aging
e. to lower blood cholesterol levels

What is hemosiderin?
a. the part of iron that is not used by the body
b. another term for ferritin
c. a protein that carries iron in the blood
d. an enzyme that helps in absorption of iron
e. a storage protein for iron

What is pica?
a. the craving for and consumption of nonfood substances
b. a condition in which the body fails to adequately absorb iron
c. an iron supplement
d. a measure of hepcidin in the liver
e. the part of the liver where iron is stored

What is the lifespan of the average red blood cell?
a. 1 month
b. 2 months
c. 3 months
d. 4 months
e. 5 months

What is the main symptom of iodine deficiency?
a. diarrhea
b. anemia
c. purplish tongue
d. goiter
e. skin lesions

What is the name of the hormone that regulates iron balance in the body?
a. hepcidin
b. ferritin
c. MFP facto
d. transferrin
e. hemosiderin

What is the oxygen-carrying protein of muscle cells?
a. myoglobin
b. transferrin
c. cytochrome
d. oxyglobin
e. hemoglobin

What is the RDA for iron for women in their reproductive years?
a. 8 mg
b. 12 mg
c. 18 mg
d. 20 mg
e. 24 mg

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for zinc for adults?
a. 20 mg
b. 40 mg
c. 80 mg
d. 120 mg
e. 160 mg

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for copper?
a. 5 mg/day
b. 10 mg/day
c. 100 mg/day
d. 5000 mg/day
e. 1000 mg/day

What is transferrin?
a. an iron storage protein
b. an enzyme
c. a muscle protein
d. An oxygen-carrying protein
e. an iron transport protein

What other nutrient deficiency is common among people with iodine deficiency?
a. iron
b. calcium
c. vitamin d
d. vitamin c
e. zinc

What tests are typically used to evaluate iron status?
a. serum ferritin
b. hemoglobin and hematocrit
c. transferrin saturation
d. erythrocyte protoporphyrin level
e. urine analysis

Where are the highest concentrations of zinc in the body?
a. liver and pancreas
b. brain
c. small intestine
d. blood
e. muscle and bone

Which congenital disease caused by severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy results in severe mental impairment and stunted growth?
a. goiter
b. cretinism
c. keshan disease
d. Menkes disease
e. Wilson's disease

Which form of iron is found in both plant and animal foods?
a. heme iron
b. non-heme iron
c. ferrous iron
d. ferric iron
e. ferritin

Which form of iron is found only in meat, fish, and poultry?
a. heme iron
b. non-heme iron
c. ferrous iron
d. ferric iron
e. ferritin

Which genetic disorder interferes with copper metabolism and creates a copper toxicity?
a. goiter
b. cretinism
c. keshan disease
d. Menkes disease
e. Wilson's disease

Which nutrient deficiency makes children particularly vulnerable to lead toxicity?
a. calcium
b. vitamin C
c. chromium
d. iron
e. selenium

Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form?
a. rice
b. spinach
c. chicken
d. orange juice
e. watermelon

Which of the following is a common side effect from taking iron supplements?
a. itching
b. diarrhea
c. constipation
d. insomnia
e. arrythmia

Which of the following is NOT a function of chromium?
a. It enhances the activity of insulin.
b. It is involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
c. It is involved in protein metabolism.
d. It is involved in fat metabolism.
e. It helps maintain glucose homeostasis.

Which of the following is not an essential trace mineral?
a. selenium
b. copper
c. nickel
d. chromium
e. molybdenum

Which of the following is NOT true of copper?
a. It is a key factor in hemoglobin synthesis.
b. It helps make collagen.
c. It depends on triglycerides to maintain balance and for transport in the body.
d. It helps inactivate histamine.
e. It is a constituent of several enzymes.

Which of the following is true of fluoride?
a. A deficiency causes the condition fluorosis.
b. Toxicity is unknown.
c. A deficiency can lead to pica.
d. It is added to about 25% of community water systems in the United States.
e. It makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay.

Which of the following is true of iodine deficiency?
a. It can cause mental impairment and brain damage.
b. It mainly affects the very elderly.
c. It often is accompanied by zinc deficiency.
d. Treatment often includes increased consumption of vegetables high in goitrogens.
e. Worldwide, the incidence is rare, thanks in large part to the iodization of salt.

Which of the following protein foods is the best source of copper?
a. beefsteak
b. chicken
c. shellfish
d. lamb
e. hamburger

Which of the following statements is true about zinc lozenges and the common cold?
a. There is no known relationship.
b. Zinc lozenges reduces the severity of cold symptoms.
c. Zinc taken with vitamin C may help prevent the common cold.
d. Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration but not the severity of common cold symptoms.
e. Any positive effect requires at least 500 mg zinc daily.

Which of the following substances enhances absorption of nonheme iron?
a. MFP factor
b. phytates
c. calcium
d. polyphenols
e. tannic acid

Which of the following substances is a contaminant mineral?
a. boron
b. nickel
c. copper
d. cadmium
e. bromine

Which of the following terms describes the iron-storage protein that captures iron from food and stores it in cells of small intestine?
a. ferritin
b. heme iron
c. non-heme iron
d. transferrin
e. myoglobin

Which of these diseases is a possible cause of copper toxicity?
a. Menkes disease
b. Huntington's disease
c. Wilson's disease
d. Keshan disease
e. Parkinson's disease

Which of these foods is a good vegetarian source of iron?
a. milk
b. honey
c. yogurt
d. cashews
e. apples

Which of these groups is vulnerable to iron overload?
a. pregnant women
b. female athletes
c. cigarette smokers
d. breastfed infants
e. alcoholics

Which of these therapies may be used to treat iron overload?
a. gastric bypass surgery
b. chelation
c. vitamin C supplements
d. calcium supplements
e. blood transfusion

Which one of these foods contains a substance that inhibits absorption of nonheme iron?
a. fish
b. milk
c. pork
d. chicken
e. orange juice

Which statement is NOT true about how the body uses iron?
a. Most iron entering the body is recycled.
b. Iron can be lost from bleeding and sweating, as well as through the GI tract, skin, and urine.
c. Blood loss is the only way the body loses iron.
d. Surplus iron is stored in the muscles.
e. Iron is carried in the blood by transferrin.

Which term refers to the oxygen-carrying protein in muscle?
a. hemoglobin
b. myoglobin
c. transferrin
d. protoglobin
e. myosin

With which of these nutrients does selenium work in tandem?
a. iron
b. vitamin A
c. vitamin C
d. vitamin E
e. manganese

Zinc is primarily carried in the blood via ________.
a. albumin
b. high-density lipoproteins
c. hemoglobin
d. metallothionein
e. low-density lipoproteins

Zinc supports the work of thousands of proteins in the body, such as ________.
a. metalloenzymes
b. lipase
c. lactase
d. CCK
e. oxidoreductase

Zinc toxicity ________.
a. is unknown
b. may occur at doses of more than 50 mg of zinc per day
c. is most likely to occur in developing countries
d. often goes hand in hand with iron toxicity
e. is common in people who eat high-protein diets