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1
American astronomer and science communicator
Carl Edward Sagan
2
Protons and neutrons formed the elements
Hydrogen and Helium
3
The universe began through the explosion of a primordial atom which happened
13 billion years ago
4
The exponential expansion of a singularity
13.8 billion years ago
5
The atom is the smallest unit of matter that is composed of three sub-atomic particles
The proton, the neutron, and the electron
6
Three (3) minutes after the Big Bang
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
7
Numbering system adopted by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
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limiter their working hours, hindering career advancement, and leading to higher rates of stress and burnout
double burden
9
Giant cloud of gas and dust known as
Nebula
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Formed from nebula due to the gravity that pulled Hydrogen gas together until it spins faster and faster and becomes ignited
A Protostar rises
11
Stages in the lifecycle of star
nebula, protostar, main sequence star, red giant, white dwarf, black dwarf, supernova, neutron star, black hole
12
The Helium fused into Carbon. The star is now
RED GIANT
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The remnant is known as
WHITE DWARF
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After 200 million years, Hydrogen and Helium started undergoing a process called
stellar nucleosynthesis
15
The word "stellar" means
star
16
The formation of elements in the center of the star is called
stellar nucleosynthesis
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Elements formed in the early universe through the process called the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium
18
The main reason stars undergo different life stages is because of
nuclear fusion (combination of nuclei to form heavier one) among heavy elements
19
Nuclear fusion starts to occur at the core of the star
Main Sequence Star
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Hydrogen is converted into Helium
Main Sequence Star
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average star gets their energy and convert Hydrogen into Helium
Proton-Proton Chain Reaction
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The Proton-Proton Chain Reaction starts with proton and neutron fused together to form
deuterium
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When one proton collides with deuterium,
Helium-3 is formed
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Two Helium-3 collided will form
Helium 4
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The Proton-Proton Chain Reaction dominates in stars the size of the Sun or
smaller
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Process used in stars 8 times bigger than the sun to convert Hydrogen into Helium
CNO Cycle (Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen)
27
In the CNO Cycle, Carbon 12 combines with Hydrogen to produce
Nitrogen 13
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Nitrogen 13 is unstable, therefore it disintegrates into
Carbon 13 and an electron
29
A more massive main sequence star evolves, cools and expands faster than low mass star and will turn into
Red Super Giant star
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The largest known star
Red Super Giant star
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Carbon fusion still occurs and Oxygen formed in the
Red Super Giant star
32
Explosion of star or
Supernova releases large amount of energy
33
Elements are dispersed into the space because of
Supernova
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The smallest star formed from supernova explosion is a
Neutron Star
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A region in space where gravity is too strong that no matter can escape from it
Black Hole
36
The hypothetical remain of the white dwarf that cooled down and no longer emits light and heat
Black Dwarf
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Red Giant stars uses helium to power itself through the
Tri-Alpha Process
38
This process happens in red giant star once they leave the stage of main sequence star
Tri-Alpha Process
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This is how three Helium 4 are converted into
Carbon
40
Alpha particle fusion happens at its core and creates more heavy elements until
Iron
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Alpha particle fusion is known as the
Alpha ladder process
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The process of forming heavier elements than iron over long periods of time
Neutron Capture (S-Process)
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The S-process involves the capture of neutrons before the seed nucleus undergoes
radioactive decay
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R-process has a faster rate of capturing neutrons before seed nucleus undergoes
radioactive decay
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The R-process is the
Rapid Process
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List the three sub-atomic particles that compose the atom
the proton, the neutron, and the electron
47
List the only elements formed in the early universe through the process called the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium
48
List the light elements
H - Hydrogen, He - Helium, Li - Lithium, Be - Beryllium
49
List the possible stellar remnants resulting from a Supernova
Neutron Star, Black Hole
50
List the cycles involved in converting Hydrogen to Helium in stars
Proton-Proton Chain Reaction, CNO Cycle (Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen)
51
List the stages in the Life Cycle of an Average Star
Nebula, Protostar, Main Sequence Star, Red Giant, Planetary Nebula, White Dwarf, Black Dwarf
52
List the stages in the Life Cycle of a Massive Star
Stellar Nebula, Massive Star, Red Supergiant, Supernova, Neutron Star or Black Hole
53
List the two methods of Neutron Capture
S-Process (Neutron Capture), R-Process (Rapid Process)
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