1American astronomer and science communicator
Carl Edward Sagan
2Protons and neutrons formed the elements
Hydrogen and Helium
3The universe began through the explosion of a primordial atom which happened
13 billion years ago
4The exponential expansion of a singularity
13.8 billion years ago
5The atom is the smallest unit of matter that is composed of three sub-atomic particles
The proton, the neutron, and the electron
6Three (3) minutes after the Big Bang
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
7Numbering system adopted by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
8limiter their working hours, hindering career advancement, and leading to higher rates of stress and burnout
double burden
9Giant cloud of gas and dust known as
Nebula
10Formed from nebula due to the gravity that pulled Hydrogen gas together until it spins faster and faster and becomes ignited
A Protostar rises
11 Stages in the lifecycle of star
nebula, protostar, main sequence star, red giant, white dwarf, black dwarf, supernova, neutron star, black hole
12The Helium fused into Carbon. The star is now
RED GIANT
13The remnant is known as
WHITE DWARF
14After 200 million years, Hydrogen and Helium started undergoing a process called
stellar nucleosynthesis
15The word "stellar" means
star
16The formation of elements in the center of the star is called
stellar nucleosynthesis
17Elements formed in the early universe through the process called the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium
18The main reason stars undergo different life stages is because of
nuclear fusion (combination of nuclei to form heavier one) among heavy elements
19Nuclear fusion starts to occur at the core of the star
Main Sequence Star
20Hydrogen is converted into Helium
Main Sequence Star
21 average star gets their energy and convert Hydrogen into Helium
Proton-Proton Chain Reaction
22The Proton-Proton Chain Reaction starts with proton and neutron fused together to form
deuterium
23When one proton collides with deuterium,
Helium-3 is formed
24Two Helium-3 collided will form
Helium 4
25The Proton-Proton Chain Reaction dominates in stars the size of the Sun or
smaller
26Process used in stars 8 times bigger than the sun to convert Hydrogen into Helium
CNO Cycle (Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen)
27In the CNO Cycle, Carbon 12 combines with Hydrogen to produce
Nitrogen 13
28Nitrogen 13 is unstable, therefore it disintegrates into
Carbon 13 and an electron
29A more massive main sequence star evolves, cools and expands faster than low mass star and will turn into
Red Super Giant star
30The largest known star
Red Super Giant star
31Carbon fusion still occurs and Oxygen formed in the
Red Super Giant star
32Explosion of star or
Supernova releases large amount of energy
33Elements are dispersed into the space because of
Supernova
34The smallest star formed from supernova explosion is a
Neutron Star
35A region in space where gravity is too strong that no matter can escape from it
Black Hole
36The hypothetical remain of the white dwarf that cooled down and no longer emits light and heat
Black Dwarf
37Red Giant stars uses helium to power itself through the
Tri-Alpha Process
38This process happens in red giant star once they leave the stage of main sequence star
Tri-Alpha Process
39This is how three Helium 4 are converted into
Carbon
40Alpha particle fusion happens at its core and creates more heavy elements until
Iron
41Alpha particle fusion is known as the
Alpha ladder process
42The process of forming heavier elements than iron over long periods of time
Neutron Capture (S-Process)
43The S-process involves the capture of neutrons before the seed nucleus undergoes
radioactive decay
44R-process has a faster rate of capturing neutrons before seed nucleus undergoes
radioactive decay
45The R-process is the
Rapid Process
46List the three sub-atomic particles that compose the atom
the proton, the neutron, and the electron
47List the only elements formed in the early universe through the process called the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium
48List the light elements
H - Hydrogen, He - Helium, Li - Lithium, Be - Beryllium
49List the possible stellar remnants resulting from a Supernova
Neutron Star, Black Hole
50List the cycles involved in converting Hydrogen to Helium in stars
Proton-Proton Chain Reaction, CNO Cycle (Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen)
51List the stages in the Life Cycle of an Average Star
Nebula, Protostar, Main Sequence Star, Red Giant, Planetary Nebula, White Dwarf, Black Dwarf
52List the stages in the Life Cycle of a Massive Star
Stellar Nebula, Massive Star, Red Supergiant, Supernova, Neutron Star or Black Hole
53List the two methods of Neutron Capture
S-Process (Neutron Capture), R-Process (Rapid Process)