Gupta Sciecne

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons, usually a metal.

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons, usually a non‑metal.

The process of forming ions by gaining or losing electrons.

To achieve a full outer shell of electrons, which is a stable arrangement.

2− because oxygen gains two electrons.

1+ because sodium loses one electron.

2+ because calcium loses two electrons.

1− because chlorine gains one electron.

Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positive cations and negative anions.

High melting and boiling points, hard, brittle crystals, poor conductors as solids.

An ion made up of more than one atom with an overall charge.

Sulfate SO₄²⁻, Hydroxide OH⁻, Nitrate NO₃⁻.

By increasing atomic number and recurring chemical properties.

A vertical column of elements with the same number of valence electrons.

A horizontal row of elements with the same number of electron shells.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

The outermost electron shell of an atom.

A formula to calculate the maximum number of electrons in a shell, where n is the shell number.

2,6.

2,8,8,2.

Lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, reactive.

Dull, brittle, poor conductors, low melting and boiling points.

Have properties of both metals and non‑metals, semiconductors.

Group 1 elements, very reactive, soft, low melting points, 1 valence electron.

Group 2 elements, reactive, 2 valence electrons, low melting points.

Groups 3–12, form coloured compounds, some magnetic, variable valencies.

Group 17 non‑metals, 7 valence electrons, very reactive, form salts with metals.

Group 18 non‑metals, full valence shell, very unreactive, all gases at room temperature.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.

Transfer of thermal energy through direct contact without movement of matter.

Transfer of heat energy by movement of particles in liquids and gases.

Transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves without matter.

When two objects in contact reach the same temperature and no heat flows.

A material that transfers heat or electricity easily, e.g. metals.

A material that resists transfer of heat or electricity, e.g. wood, plastic.

A closed loop containing an energy source, pathway, and load.

The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A).

The potential difference, or energy per unit charge, measured in volts (V).

A measure of how difficult it is for current to flow, measured in ohms (Ω).

V = IR, where voltage = current × resistance.

In series, to measure current.

In parallel, to measure voltage.

Current is the same everywhere, voltage is shared between components.

Voltage is the same across branches, current splits between branches.

When current takes an unintended low‑resistance path, causing overheating and danger.

A safety device with a thin wire that melts when current is too high, breaking the circuit.

The percentage of input energy transformed into useful output energy.

Cleaning coal with water and chemicals to remove sulfur and impurities before burning.

Q = mcΔT, where Q = heat energy (J), m = mass (Ml,G), c = specific heat capacity (J/GxC) , ΔT = temperature change. WATER - 4.18

The bending of a plant towards light due to cell elongation on the shaded side.

The growth of plant roots towards water.

Plants that lose their leaves in autumn to conserve energy.

Dormant buds under tree bark that grow after bushfires when higher shoots are destroyed.

An animal that cannot regulate its body temperature internally.

An animal that regulates its body temperature internally.

Movement of animals from one region to another in response to seasons.

A period of inactivity with reduced metabolism to survive cold conditions.

Any information received that causes an organism to respond.

A structure that detects a stimulus.

Receptors in the eye that detect light.

Receptors in the skin that detect pressure.

Receptors in the skin that detect temperature.

Receptors in the nose that detect chemicals in the air.

Receptors on the tongue that detect chemicals in food.

The brain and spinal cord, the control centre of the body.

All nerves outside the CNS, carrying information to and from the body.

Part of the PNS controlling voluntary skeletal muscle movements.

Part of the PNS controlling involuntary actions like heartbeat and digestion.

Part of the autonomic system that speeds up body functions, e.g. heart rate.

Part of the autonomic system that slows down body functions, e.g. heart rate.

A nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses.

The cell body of a neuron containing the nucleus.

A long fibre that carries impulses away from the cell body.

A branch that receives information from other neurons.

A fatty layer around the axon that speeds up nerve impulses.

The small gap between neurons where neurotransmitters carry signals.

Neurons that carry information from receptors to the CNS. ( Cell body sits off the side of the axon in a T‑shape. ) (afferent)

Neurons that carry information from the CNS to muscles or glands. (Cell body is at one end with a long axon extending out.) (efferent)

Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS. (Cell body is central)

An involuntary, rapid response to a stimulus.

The pathway involving receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector.

A collection of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.

A chemical messenger that travels in the blood to target cells.

Protein‑based hormones that bind to receptors on cell surfaces.

Lipid‑based hormones that pass through cell membranes to act inside cells.

A cell with receptors specific to a hormone.

A mechanism where a change triggers a response that reverses the change to maintain balance.

A hormone from the adrenal glands that triggers the fight‑or‑flight response.

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body.

Insulin lowers blood glucose by storing it, glucagon raises blood glucose by releasing it.

ADH from the pituitary increases water reabsorption in kidneys when water is low.

High CO₂ triggers faster breathing and heart rate to remove it.

The lungs (CO₂) and kidneys (urea, excess salts, water).

Write the metal first, then the non‑metal with an “‑ide” ending.

No, charges balance instead of using prefixes.

Keep the polyatomic ion’s name unchanged.

Use Roman numerals to show the metal’s charge.

Use prefixes to show the number of atoms, and end the second element with “‑ide.”

No, only use “mono‑” on the second element.

Drop the extra vowel (e.g. “mono‑oxide” → “monoxide”).