1What percentage of brain mass does the cerebrum account for?
About 80%
2What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
The corpus callosum
3What type of structure is the corpus callosum?
A tract of white matter
4Which structures are enclosed by the cerebrum?
The diencephalon and superior brain stem
5What are the three main tissue components of the cerebrum?
Outer gray matter cortex, internal white matter, and deep gray matter
6What are the basal ganglia also called?
Basal nuclei
7What is an important function of the basal ganglia?
Coordinating movements
8How many lobes does the cerebrum have?
Five
9What are the five lobes of the cerebrum?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula
10Which cerebral lobe is located internally?
The insula
11Which cerebral lobes are named after skull bones?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
12What is a fissure in the cerebrum?
A large groove
13What is a gyrus?
A raised ridge or fold on the cerebral surface
14What is the plural of gyrus?
Gyri
15What is a sulcus?
A shallow groove on the cerebral surface
16What is the plural of sulcus?
Sulci
17What is the longitudinal fissure?
The deep groove separating the two cerebral hemispheres
18What is the transverse cerebral fissure?
The groove separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum
19What is the central sulcus?
The groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes
20What is the lateral sulcus?
The groove separating the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
21Which gyrus contains the primary motor cortex?
The precentral gyrus
22Which gyrus contains the primary somatosensory cortex?
The postcentral gyrus
23Which cerebral lobe is primarily responsible for thinking and decision-making?
The frontal lobe
24Which lobe is associated with intelligence?
The frontal lobe
25Which lobe controls voluntary movement?
The frontal lobe
26Which lobe contains the motor area for speech production?
The frontal lobe
27Approximately what fraction of the brain's surface area is covered by the frontal lobes?
About one-third
28Which lobe is primarily associated with memory and auditory function?
The temporal lobe
29Which lobe processes touch, pressure, pain, and temperature?
The parietal lobe
30Which lobe processes body position and spatial orientation?
The parietal lobe
31Which lobe is primarily responsible for vision?
The occipital lobe
32Which lobe is involved in visual processing and reading?
The occipital lobe
33Which lobe is associated with taste and visceral sensation?
The insula
34What is a functional area of the cerebral cortex?
A region mapped to a particular function
35What are the three broad categories of functional cortical areas?
Motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas
36What is the function of motor areas of the cerebral cortex?
Controlling movement
37What is the function of sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?
Processing sensory perception
38What is the function of motor and sensory association areas?
Integrating and processing complex information
39How many distinct functional areas have been mapped in the cerebral cortex?
47
40What are Brodmann's areas?
Functionally and structurally mapped areas of the cerebral cortex
41What is the primary function of primary sensory areas?
Processing information from individual senses
42Which sense is processed by the primary visual cortex?
Vision
43Which sense is processed by the primary auditory cortex?
Hearing
44Which sense is processed by the primary olfactory cortex?
Smell
45Which sense is processed by the primary gustatory cortex?
Taste
46Which primary sensory area processes touch?
The primary somatosensory cortex
47Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
In the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
48What types of sensations does the primary somatosensory cortex process?
Touch, pain, pressure, and temperature
49Where is the primary visual cortex located?
In the occipital lobe
50Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
In the temporal lobe
51Where is the primary olfactory cortex located?
In the temporal lobe
52Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?
In the insula
53What is the function of sensory association areas?
Integrating and interpreting sensory information
54What does the visual association area process?
Visual information
55What does the auditory association area process?
Auditory information
56How do sensory association areas help respond to danger?
They integrate information from different senses to interpret a situation
57What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?
Generating motor commands
58Where is the primary motor cortex located?
In the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
59What is another name for the precentral gyrus's functional area?
Primary motor cortex
60What is the premotor cortex?
A motor association area involved in planning and controlling movements
61What information does the premotor cortex receive?
Information from sensory areas
62Where does the premotor cortex relay movement-planning information?
To the primary motor cortex
63What is Wernicke's area responsible for?
Comprehension of spoken and written language
64What type of aphasia results from damage to Wernicke's area?
Fluent aphasia
65What characterizes fluent aphasia?
Speech remains fluent, but its meaning or content is impaired
66What is Broca's area responsible for?
Language production
67What type of aphasia results from damage to Broca's area?
Expressive aphasia
68What characterizes expressive aphasia?
Difficulty producing speech
69What is the primary somatosensory cortex structurally known as?
The postcentral gyrus
70What is the primary motor cortex structurally known as?
The precentral gyrus
71What is somatic motor output?
Motor signals sent from the CNS to control skeletal muscles
72What pathway carries commands from the primary motor cortex toward the spinal cord?
Descending motor tracts
73What type of nerve fibers carry motor commands away from the CNS?
Efferent nerve fibers
74Do primary somatic motor commands synapse in the thalamus?
No
75What is decussation?
The crossing of nerve fibers from one side to the other
76Where do major descending motor tracts cross?
In the medulla oblongata
77Which side of the body is generally controlled by the right cerebral hemisphere?
The left side
78Which side of the body is generally controlled by the left cerebral hemisphere?
The right side
79What is the role of the thalamus in sensory processing?
Relaying sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex
80What is a functional brain system?
A network of neurons that work together despite being widely separated in the brain
81Which functional brain system is associated with emotion?
The limbic system
82What is another name for the limbic system?
The emotional brain
83What is the main function of the limbic system?
Processing the emotional significance of actions, behaviors, and situations
84Which functions are associated with the limbic system?
Attention, sensory processing, emotional memory, aggression, sexuality, appetite, thirst, and fear
85How can strong emotions affect memory?
They influence memory processing
86Which major brain divisions contribute structures to the limbic system?
The cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
87What are brain ventricles?
Cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
88What is cerebrospinal fluid abbreviated as?
CSF
89What produces cerebrospinal fluid?
The choroid plexuses
90From what is cerebrospinal fluid formed?
Blood filtrate
91What are the three primary functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
Shock absorption, nutrient and chemical circulation, and waste removal
92What are the meninges?
Three layers of connective tissue that protect the brain and spinal cord
93What is the blood-brain barrier?
A highly selective semipermeable barrier that restricts substances entering the brain from the blood
94What structures protect the brain against external forces?
The skull, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid
95What do the brain ventricles connect with?
One another and the central canal of the spinal cord
96Where are the lateral ventricles located?
Within the cerebrum
97How many lateral ventricles are there?
Two
98What are the lateral ventricles also called?
The first and second ventricles
99Where is the third ventricle located?
Within the diencephalon
100Where is the cerebral aqueduct located?
Within the midbrain
101What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?
The third and fourth ventricles
102Where is the fourth ventricle located?
Between the brain stem and cerebellum
103What does the fourth ventricle connect to?
The central canal of the spinal cord
104What is the choroid plexus?
A cluster of capillaries and specialized ependymal cells associated with each ventricle
105What is the function of the choroid plexus?
Producing cerebrospinal fluid from blood plasma
106What is cerebrospinal fluid like in composition?
A watery solution similar to blood plasma
107Which structures are surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid?
The brain and spinal cord
108Where does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?
In the ventricles and subarachnoid space
109What is the shock-absorbing function of CSF?
Protecting the central nervous system from mechanical impacts
110How does CSF support nutrient circulation?
It transports nutrients and chemicals through the CNS
111How does CSF contribute to waste removal?
It helps carry waste products away from CNS tissues
112What are the three meningeal layers?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
113Which meningeal layer is the outermost?
Dura mater
114Which meningeal layer is in the middle?
Arachnoid mater
115Which meningeal layer is the innermost?
Pia mater
116What are the main functions of the meninges?
Covering and protecting the CNS, enclosing its blood vessels, and containing CSF
117What does dura mater mean?
Tough mother
118What is the dura mater composed of?
Two fibrous connective tissue layers
119What is the arachnoid mater?
The loose, web-like middle meningeal covering
120What is the subarachnoid space?
The space beneath the arachnoid mater and above the pia mater
121What fluid is found in the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
122Which blood vessels are located in the subarachnoid space?
Arteries and other blood vessels supplying the CNS
123What is the pia mater composed of?
Delicate connective tissue that adheres closely to the brain and spinal cord
124What is a characteristic of the pia mater's blood supply?
It is highly vascular
125What is the main purpose of the blood-brain barrier?
Maintaining a stable chemical environment for the brain
126What type of junctions help form the blood-brain barrier?
Tight junctions between capillary cells
127Which glial cells contribute to the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
128What part of astrocytes contributes to the blood-brain barrier?
Their bulbous end-feet
129Which substances can pass through the blood-brain barrier relatively easily?
Oxygen, small molecules, and fat-soluble molecules
130What is the effect of the blood-brain barrier on most blood-borne substances?
It prevents or restricts their entry into the brain