reading quiz chap 1-3

Human speech moves people, it can influence how people think, act and feel about the world around them. Along with this it can motivate, inform, express your opinions, advocate for a cause, bring people together and apart, and name things.

such as the ancient Greek orator Gorgias, compare the exciting and fearful effects of a good speech to magic.

Joseph McCarthy, Adolf Hitler, and Osama bin Laden

A society could be persuaded to disobey laws or the will of the dictator

Public speaking is sometimes banned because it is founded on the ideal of free speech

The formal study of public speaking rarely flourishes in nondemocratic societies since the precondition of being moved by speech is the freedom to move in the first place.

the 1st amendment

state, and trait

the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others

anxiety that is derived from the external situation which individuals find themselves in (they may have had negative experiences with public speaking at an earlier age).

type of anxiety that is aligned with an individual's personality

is communication apprehension specific to making speeches also known as stage fright

be prepared and planning your speech and practicing public speaking.

the speaker and audience are understood to be in dialogue with each other

understood as a component of a much lager democratic dialogue among communities

Practicing and having good role models to emulate

Studying and understanding the expectations of the audience

Planning or preparing speeches in advance

Personal, public, professional

teach you how to communicate with close people to better express your thoughts/feels/ideals, create a better relationship, and get over communication aberration

being able to to communicate your thoughts and ideals to your community

being able to speak clearly in interviews, being able to present work related material

found this unethical and argued that public speaking is context dependent

Study audience psychology

Evoking emotions

Following the rules of reasoning

The Wake Forest study suggests that just acting extroverted can improve the positive feelings of the speaker and the whole group and lead to more productive or successful interactions.

Although visualizing bad outcomes is sometimes necessary when planning ahead, dwelling on the negative in public speaking situations can make your speech worse and probably make you more nervous.

knowing that your speech is researched and mapped out will reduce your nervousness substantially.

by imaging you will give a good speech will make it more likely to give a good speech by giving the speaker a confidence boost and actually improves their speaking.

research, organize, practice, deliver

part of your research is anticipating how the audience may react to what you have to say and planning to say something that will appeal specifically to them. Conducting an "audience analysis' will help you identify basic demographic information about your audience

Audiences respond well to speeches that have no more than three main points (note: speeches may have four or five main points if the speaker has a more complicated presentations)

by practicing a speech you will discover phrases or points that can be added or eliminated. Rehearsing will also help you determine how long your speech is and help you memorize your main points.

if you researched, organized and rehearsed your speech, you will be more confident when delivering your speech. Try to make eye contact with your audience and do not read directly from your notes. Speak at an even pace and at an appropriate volume for the situation.

a habit of mind and body that is cultivated to make something; a craft.

techne

imagining the outcome of a possible course of action or behavior.

a form of public speaking that appears to require little or

no preparation.

communication is an activity in which information flows in one direction, from a starting point to an end point. The sender encodes the message through noise then the receiver decodes the message.

views communication as a process involving senders and receivers, it adds the elements of feedback and fields of experience. The sender encodes the message through noise where the receiver decodes it but also there is freeback.

communication is fundamentally multidirectional, Each communicator equally participates in influencing the communication behavior of the other communicator. They are co-creating meaning. In this both people are considered to be communicators causing them to both encode and decode each other's messages this is done with non verbal communication.

the process of actively making meaning of messages

the physiological process of decoding sounds

hearing is the physiological event that concerns waves of sound entering your ear (physical event) while listening involves active attention to what we are hearing.

anything that interferes with, distorts, or slows down the transmission of information this do not have to be anything that we hear but it can also be feeling or anything that distracted you from the meaning of the message

anything in a communication environment that one can sense or feel that can distract from a message. This includes room temperature, street sounds, the failure of a microphone, distorted feedback, applause or laughter, a fire alarm or cell phone ringing or even hiccups.

any thoughts, feelings or bodily disturbances such as stomach growls that only you can hear that distract you from attending to a message. This includes beliefs, attitudes, and values that may get in the way of clearly or more fully listening to what someone has to say.

is the coordination of behavior through symbols

We do know however that people can and do coordinate their thoughts and behaviors and understand each other meaningfully with language so instead of thinking about communication as a kind of mind meld let's think about it as a kind of interaction or dance (communication)

refers to the inability of one or more communicators to apprehend meaning, feelings, or identities and to coordinate their behaviors, this is cause when the two messages (what the speaker says and what the listener hears) do not line up to each other.

refers to the ways in which people attend to the things they like, ignoring things that they do not, it is informed by our beliefs, attitudes and values that cause this influence on our perception. It is a skill developed to filter out stuff so we can make any sense out of the world.

the psychological theory that suggests that people prefer information that supports their views and avoid information that does not.

or the ways in which people perceive the spoken messages of others/ refers to the ways in which a person attends to some auditory information

External noise, Selective listening, Defensive listening, cultural differences and pretend listening

distractions from the environment make it hard to focus on what a speaker is saying whether is their speech volume, noise from the street or your gum

you attend only to the information that you think is important or relevant to you. Listening only to the parts of a teacher's lecture that may be on an exam is an example.

occurs when you anticipate what the speaker is going to say especially if it is contrary to what you believe, feel or value

if a speaker comes from a different part of the world or belongs to a foreign culture or community it may be difficult to understand their perspective. This includes language batteries as well as differing values.

sometimes when we are distracted we may fake listening to another person by nodding our heads or seeming to understand. Perhaps we cannot concentrate on a speaker because we are hungry or cold or worried about something else. People pretend to listen all the time which is why as a speaker it is always good to pause and ask questions like, 'does this make sense?"

is a technique of observing and responding to a speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages with the goal of mutual understanding. It is characterized as a form of 'positive communication' by Graham D Bodie.

Receiving and attending; understanding; responding, paraphrasing and clarifying; and recalling and remembering

physically hearing and seeing the speaker deliver their message. In this step try to avoid prejudging what the speaker is saying and avoid drawing conclusions and reduce external and internal noise as much as you can.

physiological process involving the senses (mainly ears and eyes) that are getting a message

refers to making the speaker's message meaningful.

you interpret and assess the meaning of a message a speaker has given you by actively comparing the meaning of what was said with what you know, the context of the message and any other kind of information you already have learned. It is a continual process that begins long before and continues after the speech.

part of understanding it means that you are simply are thinking about your thinking about communication, asking yourself questions like "what did they say to me", "what are did they meant to communicate" and "do i understand what they said"

you indicate to the speaker in some way that you understand or need help understanding what they are saying

refers to verbal or nonverbal response to a speaker that indicates an understanding or misunderstanding of a message.

it is what you remember from what was being said. Though you do not recall everything about it just what was important relevant to you or what was repeated.

is the ability to respond to others, which is the foundation of listening and speaking

taking credit for someone else's writing or ideas

particle wisdom, expertise and goodwill

implications and consequences of sharing what they have to say. Along with it also includes a degree of common sense by knowing the information you are sharing will not be harmful.

have an understanding of what you are talking about, it is often linked to the career of the speaker. Overall it refers to the cultivation of skills and knowledge particular to a particle or role.

refers to the ways in which they address an audience with respect and care, you can do this by acknowledging their presence and your concern for their well-being as individuals, an audience or both.

know your stuff, be prepared, demonstrate respect, do no harm

if you are asked to speak on a given topic, it is typically your responsibility to either know or research that topic. Audiences expect you to have some expertise or understanding of the issues you discuss.

if you have the opportunity, always think about, plan, and rehearse your speech before delivering it. If an audience has assembled to hear you speak, they are expecting you to be prepared. In consenting to listen, there is a tacit agreement that you will present to them something coherent and organized. Even when you are asked to speak off the cuff, take a moment to organize your thoughts and think about what you are about to say.

you demonstrate respect for an audience by thinking of each member as a human being with thoughts and feelings, not as an object to be talked at. Respect is also demonstrated by acknowledging common beliefs and values, as well as an understanding of those who may be different from you. Be honest in what you say, try to avoid stereotyping, and do not use language that might anger or polarize an audience.

One of the core ethical principles; means to follow a system of regimen in which according to one's ability and judgment, consider what's beneficial for one's patients, or to help or to at least do no harm

the use of microphones, sound processors and amplifiers to enhance the quality or volume of sound.

Physical location

Technological needs

Audience size

are groups of individuals who are brought together for a given message who may or may not share common characteristics.

the process of studying an audience before, during and after a speech including knowing what environment you are going to be in along with your audience.

the basic identity or self-concepts of those who will hear you with how the audience members think of themselves will affect your message.

is the study of the statically characteristics of a given population

an overgeneralization about a person or group base on assumed characteristics

the unconscious beliefs, feelings, attitudes, and stereotypes of others that influence our decisions and behavior

rules that govern what is normal in a given culture

refers to the gender identity (or nonideneity) of those with whom you choose to be intimate

Age

sex or gender

racial and ethnic identification

socioeconomic status

Group affiliations be it religion, political or other

is how you express your sex, gender, and perhaps even sexual orientation to yourself and others. Sexual orientation and gender identity are often but not necessarily the same.

is the way in which a speaker gathers information about their audience in an unsystematic way

involves employing various tools and methods for gathering information about people. These includes interview, focus groups, surveys

an idea about reality they are the basic building blocks of a person's 'self'. What people see a true

a set of beliefs that cluster around a common object and predispose behavior while beliefs tend to function as truth this is beliefs mix with feelings.

deeply held core beliefs they are the most impervious to change.

life goals or ends toward which we live (freedom, family, security, happiness, equality, ect)

(what you think to be the end of a good life)

guide us in our daily lives and usually toward the achievement of our terminal values such as the Boy's Scout's Law being: I am a loyal person, i am a trustworthy person, ect

(how will you get to a good life)

is the anticipation of audience feelings and an attempt to marshal those feelings in order to change beliefs, attitudes, values or behavior.

how the audience feels about you, your topic, and the occasion for which you're speaking.