variables and correlation

variable that is being MANIPULATED or CHANGED, sometimes thought of the "cause"

variable being measured or observed, measuring the EFFECT

FIRST step of analyzing data, DESCRIBES sample before observing how variables interact

helps us observes HOW variables interact, ANSWERS research questions, some main tests are correlation and t-test

measures correlation between variables

the stats part of R relationships

Pearsons r guidelines

correlations are considered ---- stats because we are looking at how variables INTERACT with each other

change in one variable CAUSE CHANGES in another, ex: studying for a test CAUSES higher test scores

terminology

cause

effect

two variables that are RELATED but NEITHER CAUSES the other, ex: verbal intelligence and math intelligence

what else are correlations when it comes to relationships

what are two reasons why we cannot conclude that X is the cause of Y even though they are statistically related(correlated)

we CANT say which variable causes the other since correlations are non-causal relationships

variable that influences BOTH IV and DV:

stays constant, does not change

two variable (x and y) are measured; their relationship is ASSESSED, usaully a correlation; does NOT show that x causes y or support CAUSAL CONCLUSIONS.

have more rules but can make CAUSAL CLAIMS

they measure two QUANTITATIVE variables across ALL participants

in correlational studies it doesnt matter...

theres relationships betweeen GPA and procrastination. we observed that as procrastination INCREASED, GPA DECREASED

"procrastinating CAUSES lower GPA"

your research question determines what kind of conclusions you can make, reserach question has to be for ex, "is there a RELATIONSHIP between sleep and GPA?" in order to be a CORRELATION STUDY. NOT " does sleep improve GPA"

with CORRELATION studies, do NOT use words like...