Module6

strepto

- dense sticky outter layer providing a way for bacteria to adhere to surfaces
- hides surface antigens

staphylo

- treats gram + bacteria by breaking down peptidogylcan outter layer.
- humans cells don't have peptidoglycan therefore it only targets the bacteria
- not used for gram - because outer membrane protects peptidoglycan layer

is inborn; broad spectrum defense mechanism common to all newborn humans
1. physical barriers (1st line)
2. antimicrobial proteins
3. cellular defenses

- "eat" microorganisms and then degrade them using lysosomes within the cell

(innate) enzyme secreted in mucus, tears, saliva that interfers with peptidoglycan cell wall and destroys invaders

(innate) cytokine proteins secreted in response to viral pathogen

cell signaling molecules of the immune system; signal response from both innate and adapted arms

type I- released by all cells to signal that a virus is present and self destruct
Type II- only released by white blood cells and directs the recruitment of innate and adaptive resposne

- BROADLY recognize pathogens and initiate rapid response to destroy

- signal released by mast cells causes blood vessels to dialate and allow more neutrophils

- proteins that damage or destroy pathogen invaders

- lay dormant in the blood and are activated when they come into contact with molecules on surface of pathogens

- phagocytic
- inflammation
- first responders to infection
(INNATE)

- phagocytose
- signal (release cytokines) neutrophiles
- adundant in spleen and circulate in blood + tissue

- NK cells, T-cells, B-cells

- not phagocytic
- release enzymes onto surface of target cell to kill the cell
- help to bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immune systems

naiive (baby) cells that will become macrophages or dendritic cells

- highly specific
- reside in tissues to engulf pathogens (not in blood)
- antigen presenting (epitopes)

- release enzymes to defend aginst parasites

- lowest concentration in the blood
- exclusive to allergic reaction response

- both have ribosomes
- both have DNA

- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils

- antibody binds and physically blocks antigen binding site
(ADAPTIVE)

- antibody binds and acts as a flag/tag to attract macrophages and neutrophils

proteins that form pores on cell surface leeading to cell lysing

- toxic enzymes that enter host cell via endocytosis and destroy intracellular protiens
- T-cells

capable of causing an infection

- signaled by mature b cells
- secrete antibodies at the target pathogen

1. neutralization
2. opsonization (tagging)

- all the daughter cells of one parent cell that respond to one antigen

- immediately activated fighting cells

- virulence factor
- attaches to host, reproduces asexually, destroys cell with cytotoxic chemicals

- protein toxics the destroy WBCs

amount of time from exposure to onset of symptoms

- enzyme used by S. pyogenes to form peptide crosslinks in peptidoglycan cell wall
- without transpeptidase, cell wall is non-functioning

- nessecary for synthesizing cell wall