Praxis II 5039

how the social and cultural backgrounds of readers influence how they understand and experience a text

a commonly used type of metric line used in traditional English poetry and verse drama. The term describes the rhythm that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables called feet

an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable

a 14-line poem written in iambic pentameter with a rhyming scheme. Shakespeare's take form with abab cdcd efef gg.

a note of explanation or comment added to a text or diagram

the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests

a literary movement that began in 1764 that was an offset of the Romanticist movement with a darker spin. Themes include creepy locale, crazy and evil villains, damsels, unique heroes, hellish creatures, suspenseful and offensive emotional appeals. From ghost stories to horror tales, this genre reveals the darker and more disturbing side of ourselves.

A clash in the 18th century between those who wanted reason and objectivity and those who wanted to feel things and value emotion and imagination

Beginning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this movement is characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional ways of writing in both poetry and prose fiction.

The part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject

a phrase or clause placed awkwardly in a sentence so that it appears to modify or refer to an unintended word. To avoid misplacing them, first identify the noun and its modifier.

Adjective modifiers typically go before the noun, or after with a helping verb. (The pretty girl/The girl was pretty)

Adverbs can go before or after the thing they are modifying, depending on what example they are modifying: The very pretty girl/He ran quickly

a learning style in which learning takes place by the students carrying out physical activities, rather than listening to a lecture or watching demonstrations

The narrator knows or reveals nothing about the character's internal thoughts, feelings, and motivations, but sticks to the external facts of the story (Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter)

the narrator described the internal thoughts, feelings, and motivations of one character, usually the main character (think Harry Potter)

The narrator knows and at least partially reveals the internal thoughts, feelings, and motivations of the characters (EB White's Charlotte's Web)

1. Expository
2. Persuasive
3. Narrative
4. Technical

Biographies, autobiographies, newspaper and magazine articles,

reports, graphs, brochures, charts are also technical

Fiction, they tell a story, have themes, have a beginning, middle and end, diaries, fables, myths, legends, plays, and poetry

Non-fiction, gives information, contains step, no humor, specific terminology - brochures, classified ads, recipes, directions

Author tries to convince the reader of something, takes a stand and makes claims, call to action - ads and commercials, debates, movie critiques

Writings that are meant to help you out and solve a problem - product manual, forms, signs, public transportation schedules, etc.

Assign groups of 3 or 4 students to leveled readers. Let them read it and then provide a journal prompt. After they have written their responses, form discussion groups.

A collaborative learning strategy in which students work together to solve a problem or answer a question about an assigned reading. This requires them to think individually about a topic and share ideas with classmates.

A formal discussion, based on a text, in which the leader asks open-ended questions. Within the context of the discussion, students listen closely to the comments of others, thinking critically for themselves, and articulate their own thoughts and their responses to the thoughts of others.

An Instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading sessions. Teachers model, then help students learn to guide group discussions using four strategies- summarizing, question generating, clarifying and predicting. I do, we do, you do

A strategy that emphasizes cooperative learning by providing students an opportunity to actively help each other build comprehension. Use this technique to assign student to reading groups composed of varying skill level.

Instructional reading strategy that is used to guide students through a text. Students begin by brainstorming everything they Know about a topic, what the Want to know, and what they Learned after the reading.

A reading comrehension method named for its five steps: survey, question, read, recite, and review.

A movement within contemporary composition studies that concerns itself with writing in classes outside of composition, literature, and other English courses.

a theory that states as readers become involved with a text, they construct meaning through an active process of integrating what they are reading with their own reactions, knowledge, beliefs, and ideas

Alice Walker

social context. Readers are better able to construct interpretations of and find meaning in a text when they have opportunities to engage in dialogue with others about a text.

cognitive connections that are molded in an individual's mind over time and shape the persons worldview.

By designing lessons that require students both to respond to and interact with text as they read and to interact with each other through authentic discussion and debate. Activities that provide opportunities to process, share, and examine their thought about texts are essential.

a formal study, analysis, and evaluation of literary texts

a group of works that are considered to be culturally, artistically, or historically significant

1620-1750

The Colonial Period
The Age of Revolution
Romantic Period
Transcendental
Anti-Transcendental
Transitional Writers
The Realistic Period
Civil War Writers
Regionalism
Naturalism
The Modern Period

William Bradford - Colonial Period

Anne Bradstreet

Olaudah Equiano - Colonial Period

Johnathan Edwards - Colonial Period

1750-1815

Thomas Paine - The Age of Revolution

Thomas Paine - The Age of Revolution

Thomas Jefferson - The Age of Revolution

Benjamin Franklin - The Age of Revolution

1800-1865

William Cullen Bryant - The Romantic Period

James Fennimore Cooper - The Romantic Period

Sojourner Truth - The Romantic Period

Washington Irving - The Romantic Period

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

Self-Reliance and The American Scholar

Walden and Civil Disobedience

Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville

The Scarlet Letter

Moby Dick

Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman

various poem

Song of Myself and Oh Captain! My Captain!

1855-1900

William Dean Howells

Mary Chestnut, Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass

Diary of Mary Chestnut

The Gettysburg Address

My Bondage and My Freedom

Willa Cather and William Faulkner

Jack London and Stephen Crane

My Antonia

Absalom! Absalom!

The Call of the Wild

The Red Badge of Courage

1900-1950

F. Scott Fitzgerald - The Modern Period

John Steinbeck - The Modern Period

Richard Wright - The Modern Period

Robert Frost

Tennessee Williams, August Wilson, Eugene O'Neill

Malcolm X and Martin Luther King

Ernest Hemingway

The Old Man and the Sea, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls

Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Zora Neal Hurston

Their Eyes were Watching God

1950-present

Art Spiegleman - The Post Modern Period

Joseph Heller - The Post Modern Period

Don DiLillo- the Post Modern Period

Anglo-Saxon Period
Medieval Period
Renaissance Period
Elizabethan Age
Restoration Period
Age of Sensibility
The Englightenment
Metaphysical
The Romantic Period
The Victorian Period
The Modern Era

449-1066

1066-1485

1485-1660

John Donne, Ben Johnson, John Milton

John Milton

1660-1798

Gothic novels from various artists

Francis Bacon, John Locke, Jean Jocques Rosseau (all wrote various essays)

John Donne, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert

1785-1830

1832-1900

1900-1945

Unknown author - Anglo-Saxon Period

Chaucer - Medieval Period

Christopher Marlow, Edmund Spencer, William Shakespeare

Jonathan Swift - The Restoration Period

Mary Shelley - The Romantic Period

Charles Dickens - The Victorian Period

Thomas Hardy - The Victorian Period

Joseph Conrad - The Modern Era

Bernard Shaw - The Modern Era

Virginia Woolf, Katherine Mansfield, Doris Lessing

William Yeats, T.S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas

refers to both the historical and cultural time a text was written

refers to the literary, artistic, and musical movements that were going on at the time a work was written

refers to the time the author was writing, which students must be able to distinguish form the setting of the story itself

Categories of works that literature can be classified into based on similar format, content, tone, or length

Nonfiction, fiction, drama, poetry

A framework for understanding how humans learn

1. Remember
2. Understand
3. Apply
4. Analyze
5. Evaluate
6. Create

By having their students record personal responses to a text in a journal

Expressive writing that tells a story to an audience through the actions and dialogue of characters, which are brought to life by actors onstage

Unit of poetry

A group of lines followed by a space in poetry

Short narrative song about an event that is considered important

the three groups of four in a sonnet

The rhyming last two lines in a sonnet

Usually a 19-line long poem with 5 stanzas - each with three lines, and a final stanza with four lines. It includes a refrain - two lines that repeat throughout the poem

"Do Not go gentle into that good night" - Dylan Thomas

By using the information form the text in combination with their own experiential knowledge to fill in explanations for what is not stated explicitly in the text

Reference to a historical person or even, a fictional character or event, a mythological or religious character, or even an artist or artistic work

Common sayings that lack originality but are familiar to an audience

Used when a character or narrator says something that is the opposite of what he or she means

Occurs when something happens that contradicts what the audience expected to happen

occurs when the audience knows about something of which a character or characters are not aware

Not a true rhyme - the poet substitutes assonance or consonance for a real rhyme

Rhyming two or more words in the same line of poetry

poetry that is written in iambic pentameter and is unrhymed

The inclusion of words with the same vowel sounds within one or two lines of poetry

repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of a stressed syllable, but following different vowel sounds, in words that are fairly close together. This creates a lyrical effect.

Closed form - required number of lines
Open form - any number of lines

Rhythm and sound devices

Consonance

set a purpose

Aka monitor and clarify strategy. Readers think about what they are reading as they read it so they can recognize any confusion immediately

VISA - noting interesting vocab, making important inferences, helpful summaries, brief analysis

reading strategy that requires readers to determine what is important in the text. Using their own words, readers reduce a text or section of the text to its main points or central ideas

Using a set of principles or a system of ideas to interpret literature from a unique angle... a new theoretical framework or lens that gives readers new depth and understanding

Centered on the idea that as readers read, they experience a transaction with the text. In the process of constructing meaning, the reader's responses blend with the author's intended meanings so that the reader ends up participating in the creative process. Therefore, there is no single correct interpretation of a text and all are valid so long as they are grounded in textual evidence.

focuses on dissecting and uncovering the writer's assumptions about what is true and false, good and bad. These theorists being by examining language, which they consider a distortion of reality. They explain that meaning in language comes form differences: people understand good as the absence of bad; that is, one thing is understood as the absence of its opposite.

the study of signs, signals, visual messages, and gestures.

focuses on the economic systems that structure society and the ways human behavior is motivated by a desire for the economic power. According to this theory, life cannot be understood through abstract principles or ideals but can instead be understood only in terms of the concrete, actual conditions that people experience.

emphasizes closely reading the text and analyzing how literary elements create meaning in it; it is unconcerned with the text's effect on the reader.

semiotic

To inform, to argue, or to persuade

an error or breakdown in logical reasoning

the main argument is based on the assumption that if one particular thing happens, a series of other specific things will follow

an individual comes to a conclusion without enough evidence, based on prior experiences or assumptions

the argument is simply restated repeatedly with no inclusion of new evidence

distracting information is introduced, moving the focus away from the most important points of the argument

begins with thinking in pairs of opposing terms, like good and evil, true and false. This allows people to only see the extremes of a situation rather than its complexities and subtleties. It simplifies complex problems to a degree that only tow options are possible.

supports generalizations, claims and arguments with examples, details, and other evidence

the meaning of a word that can be found in the dictionary

The suggested or implied meaning of a word

Meanings are implied but the reader must come up with their own conclusion