Computer Organization Final

The ________ scheduler is also known as the dispatcher.

The ABI is the boundary between hardware and software.

The _________ scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing.

The OS must determine how much processor time is to be devoted to the execution of a particular user program.

Privileged instructions are certain instructions that are designated special and can be executed only by the monitor.

________ is when the processor spends most of its time swapping pages rather than executing instructions.

The _________ defines the repertoire of machine language instructions that a computer can follow.

The __________ is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as an interface between applications and the computer hardware.

Virtual memory schemes make use of a special cache called a ________ for page table entries.

A _________ is a collection of memory regions.

A _________ system works only one program at a time.

A _________ is a special type of programming language used to provide instructions to the monitor.

ARM provides a versatile virtual memory system architecture that can be tailored to the needs of the embedded system designer.

The x86 includes hardware for both segmentation and paging.

An interrupt is a hardware-generated signal to the processor.

With demand paging it is necessary to load an entire process into the main memory.

The OS maintains a __________ for each process that shows the frame location for each page of the process.

The ________ gives program access to the hardware resources and services available in a system through the user instruction set architecture supplemented with high-level language library calls.

Facilities and services provided by the OS that assist the programmer in creating programs are in the form of _________ programs that are not actually part of the OS but are accessible through the OS.

A _________ is an actual location in main memory.

With _________ the virtual address is the same as the physical address.

The most important system program is the OS.

Managers are users of domains that must observe the access permissions of the individual sections and/or pages that make up that domain.

Both batch multiprogramming and time-sharing use multiprogramming.

Swapping is an I/O operation.

Uniprogramming is the central theme of modern operating systems.

The end user is concerned mainly with the computer's architecture.

With a batch operating system the user does not have direct access to the processor.

The _________ defines the system call interface to the operating system and the hardware resources and services available in a system through the user instruction set architecture.

Scheduling and memory management are the two OS functions that are most relevant to the study of computer organization and architecture.

Another term for "base" is __________.

It is extremely easy to convert between binary and hexadecimal notation.

Decimal "10" is _________ in hexadecimal.

In the number 3109, the 3 is referred to as the _________.

Hexadecimal notation is only used for representing integers.

The decimal system has a radix of 100.

The _________ system uses only the numbers 0 and 1.

In any number, the rightmost digit is referred to as the most significant digit.

Binary 0101 is hexadecimal _________.

Numbers in the binary system are represented to the _________.

Because of the inherent binary nature of digital computer components, all forms of data within computers are represented by various binary codes.

In the number 472.156 the 2 is the _________.

A number cannot be converted from binary notation to decimal notation.

The decimal system has a base of _________.

A number with both an integer and fractional part has digits raised to both positive and negative powers of 10.

Decimal "10" is __________ in binary.

The binary string 110111100001 is equivalent to __________.

Hexadecimal has a base of _________.

There are 50 tens in the number 509.

A sequence of hexadecimal digits can be thought of as representing an integer in base 10.

Negative powers of 10 are used to represent the positions of the numbers for decimal fractions.

In the number 3109, the 9 is referred to as the _________.

A nibble is a grouping of four decimal digits.

Which digit represents "hundreds" in the number 8732?

Which of the following is correct?

Although convenient for computers, the binary system is exceedingly cumbersome for human beings.

Hexadecimal notation is more compact than binary notation.

The decimal system is a special case of a positional number system with radix 10 and with digits in the range 0 through 9.

Our primary counting system is based on binary digits to represent numbers.

Four bits is called a _________.

Compared with addition and subtraction, multiplication is a complex operation, whether performed in hardware or software.

Booth's algorithm performs more additions and subtractions than a straightforward algorithm.

__________ representation is almost universally used as the processor representation for integers.

Moving the sign bit to the new leftmost position and filling in with copies of the sign bit is called _________.

__________ is when a positive exponent exceeds the maximum possible exponent value.

In ________ representation the rule for forming the negation of an integer is to invert the sign bit.

Although considered obsolete, the term _________ is sometimes used instead of significant.

Both sign-magnitude representation and twos complement representation use the most significant bit as a sign bit.

Overflow is a less serious problem because the result can generally be satisfactorily approximated by 0.

Addition and subtraction can be performed on numbers in twos complement notation by treating them as unsigned integers.

Positive numbers less than 2-127 are called ________.

The numbers represented in floating-point notation are not spaced evenly along the number line, as are fixed-point numbers.

The most common scheme in implementing the integer portion of the ALU is:

It is not necessary for the ALU to signal when overflow occurs.

An advantage of biased representation is that nonnegative floating-point numbers can be treated as integers for comparison purposes.

________ is when the result may be larger than can be held in the word size being used.

Negative numbers greater than 2-127 are called _________.

Positive numbers greater than (2 – 2-23) x 2-128 are called _________.

One of the trade-offs of floating-point math is that many calculations produce results that are not exact and have to be rounded to the nearest value that the notation can represent.

__________ involves the generation of partial products, one for each digit in the multiplier, which is then summed to produce the final product.

For base 2 representation, a normal number is one in which the most significant bit of the significand is zero.

Overflow can only occur if there is a carry.

Negative numbers less than –(2 – 2-23) x 2 128 are called _________.

For each 1 on the multiplier, an add, and a shift operation are required; but for each 0 only a shift is required.

One drawback of sign-magnitude representation is that there are two representations of 0.

__________ means that the number is too small to be represented and it may be reported as 0.

_________ formats extend a supported basic format by providing additional bits in the exponent and in the significand.

With a fixed-point notation it is possible to represent a range of positive and negative integers centered on or near 0.

Actual floating-point representations include a special bit pattern to designate zero.

________ are used in digital circuits to control signal and data routing.

A _______ is an electronic circuit that produces an output signal that is a simple Boolean operation on its input signals.

In the absence of parentheses, the AND operation takes precedence over the OR operation.

A _________ accepts and/or transfers information serially.

Any Boolean function can be implemented in electronic form as a network of gates.

Binary addition is exactly the same as Boolean algebra.

The delay by the propagation time of signals through the gate is known as the gate delay.

A _________ is a PLD featuring a general structure that allows very high logic capacity and offers more narrow logic resources and a higher ration of flip-flops to logic resources than do CPLDs.

The unary operation _________ inverts the value of its operand.

Events in the digital computer are synchronized to a clock pulse so that changes occur only when a clock pulse occurs.

Which of the following is a functionally complete set?

Counters can be designated as _________.

The _________ table provides the value of the next output when the inputs and the present output are known, which is exactly the information needed to design the counter or any sequential circuit.

In general, a decoder has n inputs and 2n outputs.

The operand ________ yields true if and only if both of its operands are true.

"Don't care" conditions are when certain combinations of values of variables never occur, and therefore the corresponding output never occurs.

________ is implemented with combinational circuits.

A combinational circuit consists of n binary inputs and m binary outputs.

Logical functions are implemented by the interconnection of decoders.

The value to be loaded into the program counter can come from a binary counter, the instruction register, or the output of the ALU.

The operation of the digital computer is based on the storage and processing of binary data.

The operation _________ yields true if either or both of its operands are true.

CPUs make use of _________ counters, in which all of the flip-flops of the counter change at the same time.

A Boolean function can be realized in the sum of products (SOP) form but not in the product of sums (POS) form.

For more than four variables an alternative approach is a tabular technique referred to as the _________ method.

Combinational circuits are often referred to as "memoryless" circuits because their output depends only on their current input and no history of prior inputs is retained.

Claude Shannon, a research assistant in the Electrical Engineering Department at M.I.T., proposed the basic principles of Boolean algebra.

The ________ flip-flop has two inputs and all possible combinations of input values are valid.

The ________ exists in one of two states and, in the absence of input, remains in that state.

A register is a digital circuit used within the CPU to store one or more bits of data.

There must be ________ instructions for moving data between memory and the registers.

The most fundamental type of machine instruction is the _________ instruction.

________ instructions operate on the bits of a word as bits rather than as numbers, providing capabilities for processing any other type of data the user may wish to employ.

The focus of MMX technology is multimedia programming.

Which data type is defined in MMX?

Not all machine languages include numeric data types.

The entire set of parameters, including the return address, which is stored for a procedure invocation is referred to as a _________.

In the ARM architecture only _________ instructions access memory locations.

One of the traditional ways of describing processor architecture is in terms of the number of addresses contained in each instruction.

Addresses are a form of data.

The instruction set is the programmer's means of controlling the processor.

The x86 data type that is a signed binary value contained in a byte, word, or doubleword, using twos complement representations is _________.

A(n) _________ expresses operations in a concise algebraic form using variables.

Which ARM operation category includes logical instructions (AND, OR, XOR), add and subtract instructions, and test and compare instructions?

The operation to be performed is specified by a binary code known as the operation code.

A branch can be either forward or backward.

_________ instructions provide computational capabilities for processing number data.

ARM processors support data types of 8 (byte), 16 (halfword), and 32 (word) bits in length.

Most machines provide the basic arithmetic operations of add, subtract, multiply, and divide.

One boundary where the computer designer and the computer programmer can view the same machine as the machine instruction set.

_______ instructions are needed to transfer programs and data into memory and the results of computations back out to the user.

Procedures do not allow programming tasks to be subdivided into smaller units.

Which of the following is a true statement?

Memory references are faster than register references.

The address of the next instruction to be fetched must be a real address, not a virtual address.

The ________ specifies the operation to be performed.

It has become common practice to use a symbolic representation of machine instructions.

A high-level language expresses operations in a basic form involving the movement of data to or from registers.

A branch instruction in which the branch is always taken is _________.

The _________ instruction includes an implied address.

The __________ byte consists of three fields: the Scale field, the Index field and the Base field.

The base with index and displacement mode sums the contents of the base register, the index register, and a displacement to form the effective address.

Three of the most common uses of stack addressing are relative addressing, base-register addressing, and indexing.

The only form of addressing for branch instructions is _________ addressing.

The disadvantage of immediate addressing is that the size of the number is restricted to the size of the address field.

One advantage of linking the addressing mode to the operand rather than the opcode is that any addressing mode can be used with any opcode.

Typically an instruction set will include both preindexing and postindexing.

The memory transfer rate has not kept up with increases in processor speed.

Indexing performed after the indirection is __________.

With direct addressing, the length of the address field is usually less than the word length, thus limiting the address range.

The advantages of _________ addressing are that only a small address field is needed in the instruction and no time-consuming memory references are required.

The method of calculating the EA is the same for both base-register addressing and indexing.

In a system without virtual memory, the effective address is a virtual address or a register.

For addresses that reference memory the range of addresses that can be referenced is not related to the number of address bits.

All instructions in the ARM architecture are __________ bits long and follow a regular format.

__________ has the advantage of flexibility, but the disadvantage of complexity.

The _________ was designed to provide a powerful and flexible instruction set within the constraints of a 16-bit minicomputer.

The principal advantage of ___________ addressing is that it is a very simple form of addressing.

For the _________ mode, the operand is included in the instruction.

The principal price to pay for variable-length instructions is an increase in the complexity of the processor.

__________ is a design principle employed in designing the PDP-10 instruction set.

Which of the following interrelated factors go into determining the use of the addressing bits?

__________ has the advantage of large address space, however, it has the disadvantage of multiple memory references.

The x86 is equipped with a variety of addressing modes intended to allow the efficient execution of high-level languages.

Register indirect addressing uses the same number of memory references as indirect addressing.

The value of the mode field determines which addressing mode is to be used.

Register addressing is similar to direct addressing with the only difference being that the address field refers to a register rather than the main memory address.

For _________, the address field references the main memory address and the referenced register contains a positive displacement from that address.

The advantage of __________ is that no memory reference other than the instruction fetch is required to obtain the operand.

_________ is a principle by which two variables are independent of each other.

Assembly language programming shows how data are represented in memory.

The __________ is the name of the operation or function of the assembly language statement.

An assembly language statement includes ___________ operands.

__________ is a program that translates assembly language into machine code.

The comment begins with a special character that signals to the assembler that the rest of the line is a comment and is to be ignored by the assembler.

In essence, macros are handled by the hardware at run time, whereas subroutines are handled by the assembler at assembly time.

Software in a form that can be run on the computer is __________.

__________ language consists of instructions directly executable by the processor.

The __________ directive specifies whether NASM should generate code designed to run on a processor operating in 16-bit mode, 32-bit mode, or 64-bit mode.

A ___________ is a section of a program that is written once and can be used multiple times by calling the subroutine from any point in the program.

__________ is a program routine that copies an executable program into memory for execution.

The disadvantage of binding memory references to specific addresses prior to loading is that the resulting load module can only be placed in one region of the main memory.

A linker that produces a relocatable load module is often referred to as a linkage editor.

Assembly code is more difficult to debug and verify because there are more possibilities for errors than in high-level code.

An assembler is distinguished from a compiler by the fact that each input statement does not, in general, correspond to a single machine instruction or fixed sequence of instructions.

The __________ directive is used to declare a symbol that is not defined anywhere in the module being assembled, but is assumed to be defined in some other module and needs to be referred to by this one.

Writing code in assembly language takes much longer than writing in a high-level language.

All assembly languages allow the placement of comments in the program.

NASM has the advantage of being free and open source and is popular for use on Linux and UNIX operating systems.

__________ are most frequently used in branch instructions.

For immediate addressing, the name of the register is used in the instruction.

A processor cannot understand or execute machine instructions.

A(n) __________ identifies an immediate value, a register value, or a memory location.

A ___________ makes a single pass through the assembly code to produce the machine code.

The __________ is a collection of all possible instructions for a particular computer.

__________ are continuous sequences of bits, bytes, words, or doublewords.

Assembly language is hardware dependent, with a different assembly language for each type of processor.

Assembly code is not platform-specific.

It is not necessary for an assembly language programmer to understand the computer's architecture.