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A database application is software that helps business users interact with database systems.

The query processor interprets queries, creates a plan to modify the database or retrieve data, and returns query results to the application.

The storage manager translates the query processor instructions into low-level file-system commands that modify or retrieve data.

The transaction manager ensures transactions are properly executed and prevents conflicts between concurrent transactions.

The CREATE TABLE statement creates a new table by specifying the table and column names along with their data types.

An entity is a person, place, activity, or thing.

Logical design implements database requirements in a specific system, while physical design adds indexes and organizes how tables are stored on media.

A tuple is an ordered collection of elements enclosed in parentheses.

Data independence allows database administrators to improve query performance by changing the organization of data without affecting query results.

A primary key is a column, or group of columns, used to uniquely identify a row in a table.

A foreign key is a column or group of columns that refer to a primary key in another table.

The UPDATE statement modifies existing rows in a table.

DELETE removes specific rows based on a condition, while TRUNCATE removes all rows from a table.

The MERGE statement selects data from one table (source) and inserts it into another table (target).

A candidate key is a column or set of columns that uniquely identifies a row in a table.

Boyce-Codd normal form ensures that every non-key column is functionally dependent on a superkey.

An INNER JOIN selects only matching rows from both tables, while a LEFT JOIN selects all rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table.

A self-join is a join where a table is joined with itself.

The GROUP BY clause is used to group rows that have the same values in specified columns, often used with aggregate functions.

Referential integrity ensures that foreign keys in a table accurately refer to primary keys in another table.

The BETWEEN operator is used to filter the result set within a certain range, inclusive of the boundary values.

The LIKE operator matches text against a pattern using wildcard characters, such as % and _.

An ERD is a schematic picture that represents entities, relationships, and attributes in a database system.

Normalization is the process of eliminating redundancy by decomposing tables into higher normal forms.

Denormalization is the process of intentionally introducing redundancy by merging tables.

A heap table is a table where no order is imposed on rows, and it is optimized for insert operations.

An index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a table.

A hash index is an index where entries are assigned to buckets based on a hash function.

A bitmap index is a grid of bits where each bit represents the existence of a particular value in the indexed column.

The CREATE INDEX statement creates an index on specified columns of a table to speed up data retrieval.