1What is the scientific study of the process of aging?
Gerontology
2Mortality rate is the number of _______
number of deaths in a period in a population
3Which of the following describes an estimation of how long someone will live
- Morality rate
- Life expectancy
- Healthy life expectancy
- Survival rate
4How is life expenctancy different from healthy life expectancy
How long someone will live AT FULL HEALTH
5Survival rate is the percentage of a population that is expceted to live after a certain what?
After certain point/incident/illness
6At what age are you at high risk for disease state?
85
7There are 3 key principles (factors that need to be considered when looking at data) related to aging.
What are they?
Continuity
Individuality
Survival
8Which of the 3 key principles is the LIFE SPAN PERSPECTIVE - life is divided into 2 main stages: early and late
Continuity
9True or False: Early Phase does not influence Later Phase
10True or False: Since Early Phase greatly influences Later Phase, how they act in early phase locks in how they act in the later phase
11One of the features of continuity is multidirectionality
What is that?
Growth and decline throughout aging process
12Which out of the feature of Continuity is the capacity to change is not predetermined or set
- Multidirectionality
- Historical/cultural context
- Plasticity
- Multiple Causation
- Neuroplasticity
13Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to rewire/create new what throughout lifespan?
Rewire/create new connections/pathways throughout lifespan
14What type of experiences throughout lifespan can affect development?
Historical/cultural experiences
15True or False: as people age, their experience/changes are relatively similar to that of their peers
16Growing old shows you have _______
survived
17What is the difference between primary and secondary aging?
primary aging is normal, disease free development during adult aging
secondary aging is developmental changes related to disease, lifestyle, environment
18The final years/days of life, also known as terminal drop/mortality aging is known as what?
Tertiary aging
19What 3 factors lead to personal aging and social aging?
Biological factors: genetics, physiology
Psychological factors: cognition, emotions, personality
Social factors: social context, culture
20Personal aging
changes within an individual that reflects the passage of time on development
21social aging
effects of changing environment on individual
22"events that most people in similar place/time experience simultaneously" is what type of experience within social aging
- Non-normative influences
- Normative history-graded influences
- Normative age-graded influences
23"experiences that one’s culture/historical context attach to certain points in lifecycle" is what type of experience within social aging
- Normative history-graded influences
- Non-normative influences
- Normative age-graded influences
24What types of events are experienced by non-normative influences?
random or rare events that are significant to individual but not universally experienced
25"Everyone between 1939 - 1945 experiences WW2" is an example of which type of influence?
Normative history-graded influences
26"Being married at a young age in medieval/victorian eras" is what type of influence?
Normative age-graded influences
27What type of qualities is perceieved age operationalized by?
physical qualities
28"0 years old to now" is how what type of age is operationalized?
Chronological age
29Biological age is operationalized by the function of what?
function of bodily functioning, organs, fitness
30True or False: Psychological age is determined by IQ
31Sociocultural age is related to social roles/norms that someone fills in relation to others in society. What is an example of this
When to get married
32Which aging theory says that aging/death are encoded within our genes?
Programmed aging theories
33The irreversible cessation/stopping of cell proliferation (divisionrowth)
Cell senescence
34Cell senesence prevents mitosis (at interphase). Why?
The more the cell divides, the higher risk of mutations or errors in cell division
35Hayflick limit sets the amount of replications before a cell stops dividing
What is the set number of replications for a fetal cell?
around 50 divisions
36What is a zombie cell?
a cell that is non dividng due to cell senesence
37What do zombie cells secrete?
secretes pro-inflammatory signals
38Select all pros of pro-inflammatory signals/zombie cells
- Protection from cancer (stops proliferation)
- Increased white blood cell and platelet production (to respond to danger)
- Heightened awareness and sensitivity
- Decreases inflammation
- Increased pain tolerance
- Healing (pro inflammatory signals tell body to repair then clear)
- Continue to send signals that help prevent/heal injuries
39Select all cons of pro-inflammatory signals/zombie cells
- More energy used for process
- Inflammation
- Signals draw in malignant/disordered cells and diseases
- Increased likelihood of heat related injury
- Dizziness, nausea, throwing up
- Damage to neighbouring cells
- Accumulation of zombie cells leads to aging/degenration (zombie cells do not die off)
40Cell senescence is a biproduct of what?
biproduct of shortening telomeres (ends of chromosomes)
41What keeps telomeres long?
- Telomerase
- Hayflick limit
- Telomares
- Telomarase
42What type of cells express telomerase?
stem cells (many different cell types - organs, limbs, etc)
germ cells (egg, sperm)
cancer cells (uncontrolled proliferation)
43According to metabolic theories, an organism has a _____ amount of ____ to expend in their lifespan
finite amount of energy to expend in lifespan
44True or False: according to caloric restriction studies, restricting caloric intake slows metaboolism and the aging process (expending less energy → living longer)
451g of tissue on average equals the same expense of energy across species. the less energy expended, the longer an organism lives. Therefore, we can expect what type of animals to live longer?
Bigger animals generally live longer (higher capacity for expending energy - more tissue = more energy)
46True or False: Can ‘live longer’ if we conserve and use the energy made in our body
47True or False: the specific mechanisms of metabolic theories that impact aging are very well researched and quite clear, making it one of the more accurate theories of aging
48Random error theories says that aging is random, therefore it is not ______
pre-programmed
49Identity process theory says that identity continues to change dynamically in adulthood. it is less about why we age, and more about what?
more about how we adapt to aging
50According to identity process theory, what changes the way we view ourselves
Events change how we view ourselves
51according to the identity process theory, what is needed for identity (the current view of self) to change?
threshold experience (changes due to aging)
52Which of the parts of identity does this fall under?
Denial, preservation of positive identity
- Identity Identification
- Identity Distraction
- Identity Accomodation
- Identity Assimilation
- Identity Balance
53Which of the parts of identity does this fall under?
Changing approach to accommodate thresh expeience
- Identity Accomodation
- Identity Balance
- Identity Assimilation
- Identity Distraction
- Identity Identification
54Identity Balance is a healthy in between of which two parts of identity?
Identity Assimilation
Identity Accomodation
55If an Athlete gets a personality disorder diagnosis, what is the identity and threshold experience?
Identity: Athlete
Threshold Experience: PD Diagnosis
56What would be the identity assimilation of someone who is an athlete with a PD diagnosis?
I can still compete like I used to, I just need more time
57What would be the identity accomodation of someone who is an athlete with a PD diagnosis?
Conceding to reality; needs to adjust expectations
58What would be the identity balance of someone who is an athlete with a PD diagnosis?
Content with adjustments, active to body’s capability
59True or False: All threshold experiences carry the same weight
60"As we decline in age, steps can be taken to compensate and maintain optimal performance" is the core of which model/theory?
Selective Compensation with Optimization Model
61The 3 components of the Selective Compensation with Optimization Model are Selection, Optimization, and Compensation. What is selection?
Choosing a goal to prioritize
62The 3 components of the Selective Compensation with Optimization Model are Selection, Optimization, and Compensation. What is optimization?
Choosing which resources to allocate to achieve goals
63The 3 components of the Selective Compensation with Optimization Model are Selection, Optimization, and Compensation. What is compensation?
Balancing/weighing costs to maintain a level of functioning
64"Financial tradeoffs (less vacations)" is an example of which component of the Selective Compensation with Optimization Model
Compensation
65"Starting a family" or "Staying active" are examples of which component of Selective Compensation with Optimization Model
Selection
66"Physical energy, external resources (babysitter), financial situation" are examples of which component of Selective Compensation with Optimziation Model?
Optimization
67Set of beliefs, attitudes, social institutions, and acts that denigrate individuals or groups based on chronologic age
ageism
68Disengagement theory is a first generational sociocultural theory. it says that coping with old age is done through what?
gradual/voluntary disengagement from social roles and activities
69What are criticisms of disengagement theory?
feeds into ageism
not everyone will age like this
unflasifiable
70Activity theory says that as you age, you have less social responsibility, which leads to a reduction in life satisfaction. What is done to sustain life satisfaction?
new roles, friends, activities established later in life helps sustain life satisfaction
71Greater overall activity was related to greater happiness, better function, reduced morality, specifically what type of activity?
Specifically social/productive activities (promoting community)
72What are criticisms of activity theory
Desire to do activity varies person to person
Being active may not be feasible for many older adults
People now work longer (may not have time to be able to do activities)
73Continuity theory is a second generation sociocultural theory. it says that people who age normally (primary aging) attempt to maintain _______ to preserve balance in _______
attempt to maintain both internal and external continuity to past to preserve balance in self-image
74True or False: Self image is maintained through changes that happen (continuity theory)
75Too little coninuity (too many changes) leads to what type of self image?
unpredictable, unstable (midlife crisis)
76Too much coninuity (too little changes) leads to what type of self image?
boring, stagnancy
77Criticisms of Continuity theory
Mostly consider primary health aging, ignores secondary/tertiary aging (chronic illness)
Ignores impact of social structures on aging → things that prevents possibility of continuity
78According to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Perspective, a person's development is shaped by what?
their environment
79What is the microsystem (first ring) of the Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Perspective?
closest environments that have direct impact on you
80What is the mesosystem (second ring)of the Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Perspective?
interpersonal relationships that don’t directly impact you but affect you
81What is the exosystem (third ring) of the Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Perspective?
environments that you don’t directly interact with but impact you/your life
82What is the macrosystem (fourth ring) of the Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Perspective?
Societal structures that impact you
83What is the chronosystem (5th ring) of the Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Perspective?
how macrosystems change over time
84Parent's friends, mass media, and government are examples of which system or ring?
- Chronosystem (5th ring)
- Mesosystem (second ring)
- Microsystem (first ring)
- Exosystem (third ring)
- Macrosystem (fourth ring)
85Family, School, Neighbours, Friends are examples of which system or ring
- Chronosystem (5th ring)
- Microsystem (first ring)
- Macrosystem (fourth ring)
- Exosystem (third ring)
- Mesosystem (second ring)
86Culture, Economy are examples of which system or ring
- Exosystem (third ring)
- Microsystem (first ring)
- Chronosystem (5th ring)
- Mesosystem (second ring)
- Macrosystem (fourth ring)
87Parent-teacher relationship is an example of which system or ring?
- Mesosystem (second ring)
- Chronosystem (5th ring)
- Exosystem (third ring)
- Macrosystem (fourth ring)
- Microsystem (first ring)
88Journal’s Impact Factor (IF) is the metric that shows how often the average article of a journal is cited throughout scientific literature. A higher IF means what?
Higher IF = generally greater influence in scientific community (harder to publish)
IF vary from field to field
89Calm, secure, self satisfied (low) and Anxious, insecure, self pitying (high) are traits of which of the Big 5 Factor Model?
Neuroticism
90Retiring, sober, reserved (low) and Sociable, fun-loving, affectionate (high) are traits of which of the Big 5 Factor Model?
Extraversion
91Ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative (low) and Soft-hearted, trusting, helpful (high) are traits of which of the Big 5 Factor Model?
Agreeableness
92Practical, prefers routine, conforming (low) and Imaginative, prefers variety, independent (high) are traits of which of the Big 5 Factor Model?
Openness
93Disorganized, careless, impulsive (low) and Organized, careful, disciplined (high) are traits of which of the Big 5 Factor Model?
Conscientiousness
94What are the differences between temperament and trait?
Temperament – more biologically rooted aspects of personality
- emotional reactivity, activity level, sociability
Traits - interaction between temperament and environment; based on Big 5
95The radial contextual perspective says that personality traits are...
highly unstable, change all the time
96True or False: Radian Contextual Perspective has high stability coefficient (test-retest correlation)
97According to the biological essential perspective, personality is likely the product of what rather than environmental influences.
likely product of genetic rather than environmental influences
98According to the biological essential perspective, personality traits are...
Personality traits highly immutable (unchanging) and stable over time
99Linkage studies used close familial relationships who may share common traits . They found that, though some genes may be linked with certain traits, there were rarely genes that reached genome wide significance.
What does this suggest?
personality is polygenic - involving too many genes
100Genome-Wide association studies (GWAS) IDK JUST LOOK AT THIS
Examines 100,000s to millions of SNPs( Single nucleotide polymorphism) across the genome
More exploratory than linkage studies - does not assume links to certain genes/familial ties
Identified hits of SNPs associated with personality traits from NEO (Big Five); largely unreplicated
101True or False: The compromise perspective says that personality is very unsable, and will change significantly over lifespan
102True or False: research says that traits relatively stable around ~30 y/o
103Mean-level change is the average change across what?
average change across entire group over time
104Rank-order consistency is the relative stabiltiy of a person's persopnality traits compared to...
relative stability of a person’s personality traits compared to their peers over time
105Select all symptoms to your vision as you primary age
- Increased sensitivity to glare
- Start to see things that are not really there
- Lens adaptation declines
- Light/dark adaptation declines
- Decrease in amount of light passing through (cornea cloudy – protein breakdown, lens thickening)
- Eye irritation
- Damage to lens
106abnormally constricted pupils
Miosis
107Presbyopia is the decline in ability to focus on what>
Decline in ability to focus on nearby objects (age-related); time to change focus increases
108Age related farsightedness - trouble focusing on nearby objects. What is this caused by?
over time, lens less flexible/thicker
109(SECONDARY AGING) Cataracts are opaque spots covering/clouding the lens. What is it caused by?
Caused by protein breakdown in lens, prolonged UV exposure, etc
110(SECONDARY AGING) Age-related muscular degeneration is the progressive loss of central vision. What is it caused by>
Caused by accumulation of protein deposits or blood/fluid leak in macula
111Age-related muscular degeneration affects central vision. what does this look like?
Looks like weird blur/smudge in middle of eye
112True or False: There is a very experimental and unsafe surgery to fix age-related muscular degeneration
113(SECONDARY AGING) Glaucoma is damage to what?
damage to optic nerve
114True or False: Glaucoma is very sudden, and can set in overnight
115The leading cause of blindness
- Cataracts
- Presbyopia
- Miosis
- Glaucoma
- Age-related muscular degeneration
116(PRIMARY AGING) Presbycusis is gradual age related hearing loss caused by what?
damage/wear to inner ear over time (cochlea)
117jus look at this idk
(secondary aging)
Relationship between pure tone hearing loss – high frequency sounds – (in better ear) and functional hearing loss in PD clinical population
- As pure tone declines, so does functional
118(PRIMARY AGING) Vestibular system declines with age (progressive decline after 55). This includes the semicircular canals. What do these canals do?
Processes movement in 6 degrees of freedom
Orients us in space, helps us keep balance, etc
119(PRIMARY AGING) Propriception declines with age (progressive decline after 55). What does it do?
Perception of jointody movement and position in 3D space
120(SECONDARY AGING) What is vertigo?
Sensation of movement that makes one uneasy
121(SECONDARY AGING) Osteoporosis
Low bone mass (quantity), deterioration of bone tissue (quality), low bone mineral density
122True or False: 50% of women will develop osteoporosis, 1 in 3 women will break a bone from osteoporosis; compared to 1 in 5 men will break a bone from Osteoporosis
12337% who suffer a hip fracture will ______ within 1 year
die
124General risk factors for Osteoporosis
Genetics (parents have, children more likely to have)
Previous falls and broken bones
Smoking
Drinking alcohol >3 /day
Certain medications
Where you live (Europe has highest incidence)
125How to prevent Osteoporosis?
Weight bearing and muscle strengthening exercise
Avoid smoking and alcohol (more excessive → higher risk)
At 50+ years, get assessed (especially if you’ve previously broken a bone)
At 65+ years, get regularly assessed (bone density, x-rays)
Calcium and Vitamin D
126Falls occur in 30-60% of older adults (65+) each year. What increases the rate of falling?
Age, poor health, those in nursing homes → increased rate of falling
127What is the best way to prevent falls?
prevent individual risk factors
128What are individual risk factors for falling?
muscle weakness
balance, gait, visual deficits
129Fear of falling leads to what?
Higher proportion of sensory difficulties, decreased likelihood of exercise, which increases chances of falling, difficulties walking far
130What is maximum longevity?
Oldest age to which any individual of a species lives
131"The age at which half of the individuals who are born in a particular year will have died" is which measure of longevity?
- Average longevity (average life expectancy)
- Dependent life expectancy
- Healthy life expectancy
132"An estimation of how long someone will live at “full health” (ie. without long term disease/illness)" is which measure of longevity?
Healthy life expectancy
133Dependent life expectancy refers to the number of years an individual is expected to live while relying on what?
while relying on others for support or care due to health issues or disabilities.
134Immunosenescence refers to gradual deterioration of immune system. this is brought on by what?
brought on by natural age advancement
135Cell senescence and immunosenescence are byproducts of cellular aging mechanisms. this leads to...
Acute and chronic disease
136What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate = First line of defense, quick acting, natural immunity; fights non-specific foreign invaders
Adaptive = Acquired immunity over lifetime; exposure to antigens → defense when innate immunity fails
137Which of the following cells are innate immunity type cells
- CD5
- Activated macrophage
- Dendritic cell
- CD4
- T cell
- Natural killer cell
- CD8
- Basophil
- CD12
- Natural killer cell
- Eosinophil
- Neutrophil
- B cell (with antibodies)
- Mast cell
138What do t cells do?
defense against “foreign” invaders or infected cells (virus/cancer)
139What do naive t cells do?
T cells that have not yet been activated; can divide and differentiate once an antigen has activated it
140What t cell remembers past diseases
Memory t cells
141As we age, what decreases and what increases?
Decrease of naive t cells
Increase of inflationary t cells (build up of memory t cells), exhausted t cells, and senescent t cells
142As a result of immune system changes, old adults...
- Slower immune systems (Takes longer to build immune defenses)
- Much higher risk of cancer
- Benefit less from immunization (Excessive inflammation from buildup of memory t cells; body has harder time to have natural immune response)
- More susceptible to certain infections
- Prone to serious consequences from illness
- Higher risk of autoimmunity - immune system begins attacking body itself (Classifying healthy cells as invasive cells → attacks them → body shuts down)
143"Conditions that develop over short period of time, causes rapid change in health" are what type of disease/illness?
Acute diseases
144"Conditions that last longer period of time (at least 3 months)" are what type of disease/illness?
Chronic diseases
145Pneumonia are examples of which type of disease?-
146Factors that lead to secondary aging (age related changes due to environment, lifestyle, etc)
Genetic
Lifestyle
Health impact
Chronic disease
147Secondary aging factors related to lifestyle
Physical inactivity (reduction in bone mass)
Unhealthy diet
Drug overuse
Chronic stress
148Secondary aging factors related to health impact
Raised blood pressure/sugar
Obesity
Altered homeostasis
Suppressed immune system
149Secondary aging factors related to chronic disease
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Stroke
Diabetes
150When a normal cell mutates and multiplies uncontrollably --> metastasis (mass or tumor that travels to and impacts different parts of our body)
Cancer
151There are 3 mechanisms that cancer can start; Hereditary, Familial, and Sporadic. Which is the most common?
Sporadic
152What is the difference between hereditary and familial mechanisms to getting cancer?
Hereditary is linked to specific gene mutations passed on from parent to child
Familial is linked to family history (less to specific gene), could also be linked to environmental factors
153True or False: There is an increased risk of development just with age
154What are the most common types of cancer for males and females?
Prostate/Breast
Lung bronchus
Colorectal
Bladder
155True or False: Rate of mortality for cancer is going down, and there is a gneral downwards rate of incidence (rate of new diagnosis)
156There is higher mortality and incidence rate now, but there is also a reduction in age standardized statistics. What does this mean?
There is more cancer in the older popualtion due to aging, not due to other variables, meaning treatments for younger people with cancer are improving