Soc exam 1

underlying patterns in how people behave in their relationships, endure beyond isolated situations (ex: social class, raceender)

reality is socially constructed, patterns in society a group of people agree exists, maintained by taking it for granted (ex: college), opposite of essentialism

application of imaginative thought to sociological questions, "thinks himself away" from daily life, view behaviors we see in our own bubble as not impacted by a larger group- SI helps identify how individual circumstances are related to social structure shifts

Coined the term la sociologie 1838, found society can be scientifically studied and wanted to use this to improve society

aspects of social life effect individual actions and occurs at a group level (ex: marriage)

functions of a social activity are known and intended by members of the social system in which they occur

functional consequences are not intended/known by members of the social system in which they occur

ability to think, act, and make choices independently

solidarity by similarities, found in traditional society, (ex: values and beliefs)

Complementary differences give rise to interdependence, more recent/ modern society, division of labor produces solidarity (ex: social class)

situation where social norms lose hold over individual actions

examines social aspects best explained by contributions they make to societal continuity, emile durkheim

thought comte unsuccesful, must have methodological principles to guide research (social facts)

Book by Emile Durkheim, aim was to use the sociological study of suicide to prove the existence of social facts

history is affected by economical factors, Karl Marx

economic system based on private ownership of wealth, invested and reinvested in order to produce profit.

sociological theory that emphasizes the role of power/oppresions creating social order, everyone competing for limited resources, Karl Marx

shared beliefs that justify needs of dominant groups, found in all societies with ingrained inequalities, norms justify power

,people accept norms of their class, created from ideology

a state of tension that exists between the working and the capital class because of unequal share of wealth, resources, and property.

Harriet Martineau and Du Bois- sociological research neglected due to focus on racial injustice, connected race to economic inequality

methods of studying human behavior without affecting it

study of human behavior in face to face interaction

study of large scale groups, organizations, or social systems

explanation/ answer to how or why questions, all theories incomplete

Basuc statement tested in research, expectation derived by theory, states relationship between 2 or more variables

The diverse methods of investigation used to gather empirical (factual) material (ex: surveys, historical events, census, artifacts, watching/ participating, interviews, etc.)

examination of societies over time in comparison with one another

numerical data

non numerical data

small proportion of larger population

the people who are the focus of sociological research

selecting observations from population

every person has an equal chance of being in the sample

Define the problem, review literature, form hypothesis, select research design, carry out research, analyze results, report findings.

mock prison experiment using college students as guards and prisoners, found people quickly conform to social roles, even when the role goes against their moral principles, concluded that situational factors were largely responsible for behaviour, terminated after 6 days due to unforseen behaviors

Acknowledgement by the researcher of their role (bias) and how this may affect the research process

to have insight into someone’s situation (reseacher through research bias) , to gain understanding of human behavior,

values, norms, material goods, languages, and symbols characteristic of a given group, one of the most distinctive properties of human social association, provides stability in meaning, continuity in social realties

Values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures

The physical objects that a society creates that influence the ways in which people live.

Cultural ideas that are not themselves physical objects, affects material culture (ex religion)

evaluating other cultures using your own cultural standards, often resulting in negative evaluations of other cultures

Ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad, what individuals value is strongly influenced by the specific culture in which they happen to live

Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations, either prescribes a given type of behavior or forbids it

understanding other cultures in their own terms

culture is “business”; monopolization of culture by those with economic power, totalizing control of reality, nothing is original

condition in which ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life

The acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture

values and norms distinct from those of the majority, held by a group within a wider society (ex: religion, occupations)

Cultural groups within a wider society that largely reject the values and norms of the majority

Language is a social institution and can influence our thoughts, perceptions relative to language

anything that varies or changes

independant (cause) and dependant (effect) variables

x and y vary in unison, creates causality

The relationship between x and y is caused by other factors

-an individuals life and actions is determined by societal surroundings.
-sociological imagination allows us to understand indvidual backgrounds, lifestyles, habits/traditions, necessary to distinguish between personal troubles and public issues
-allows us to grasp individual life and societal history and relations between the two in society

-explains importance of sociology, not a practice but an attempt to understand social world
-interested in intensity and consistency of human actions
-people tend to focus internally rather than society as a whole
-social debunking allows to question reality

-agreed on knowledge, tradition (everyone knows) and authority (status of transmitter) both shape and hinder society
-logical/ empirical; factual evidence for theories and hypothesis
-reality vs agreement, science offers agreement reality and experimental reality

-tribe in North America with strange practices, actually referring to america and their culture
-"the human body is ugly and that its natural tendency is to weakness and disease"
-satirical text to show everything thats normal to us seems weird to someone else

-capitalism is a necessarily destructive force which must be resisted and (eventually) destroyed
-popular culture is akin to factories (standardized)
-culture industry eradicates autonomous thinking and criticism, serving to preserve the reigning order

-Deviance is something functional and exists in societies to establish ethical or moral boundaries
-crime is found in all societies, must be performing necessary functions
-brought societies and people together throughout history

-formed basis for modern communist movement, argues capitalism would inevitably self destruct
-class struggles are the motivating force for all historical developments
-prolariat challenge bugeosie
-competition between capitalists create conflict between workers and capitalist, and in turn between workers competing for limited resources