1what was the name of the radical party of russian marxists who seized power in october 1917?
The bolsheviks
2who was the leader of this party?
vladmir lenin
3what were the tactics that Stalin used to get control of East Europe called?
Salami tactics
4when was Yugoslavia liberated by The USSR?
1941
5when was romania liberated by ussr?
1944
6what were the names of the two sides in the russian civil war that followed the October revolution?
Reds = bolshevikds, Whites=anti Bolsheviks
7when was Hungary Liberated?
1945
8when was Finland liberated?
1940
9what American president proposed a set of 14 points for spreading capitalism across the world after ww1?
Woodrow wilson
10when was the Moscow peace treaty signed?
1940
11what was the name of the mass breakdown of the world economy beginning in 1929?
The great depression
12What was Josef stalins official position in the USSR from 1922?
General secretary of the communist party
13what was the main way that the UK provided wartime aid to the soviets?
Arctic conoys
14what name was given to the Nazi invasion of the USSR in 1941?
Operation Barbarossa
15what agreement allowed Hitler to invade Poland and thus begin the second world war?
Nazi-soviet Non aggression pact/ molotrov ribbentrop pact
16what event brought the US into WW2?
Japanese attack on pearl harbour
17when was the Japanese attack on pearl harbour?
december 1941
18what was Stalins main priority in the war, besides defeating Germany?
Creating a buffer zone of soviet friendly nations in Eastern Europe
19what were the names of the two competing governements in exile of Poland?
The london poles and Lublin poles
20what incident in August 1942 seemed to demonstrate that the British and Americans could not open a second front?
The failed Dieppe raid
21where and when did Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt meet to discuss the war effort in person for the first time?
Tehran conference November 1943
22what term was given to the opening of a second front in France by the Americans and Britain?
D day
23when was D Day?
6 of June 1944
24what agreements were made at the Tehran conference?
Polands borders would be shifted to the west to the oder nesse line
25who was the Czech President who willingly agreed to form a pro soviet postwar government?
Edward Benes
26who seized power in Romania in 1944 in order to negotiate an armistice with the USSR?
King micheal of Romania
27what was the name of the Hungarian fascist leader who led hungary in 1944-45 and ordered stubbonr resistance to the soviets?
Ferenc Szalsi = led the arrow cross
28which country experienced a spontaneous communist takeover and then welcomed the red army?
Bulgaria
29what concessions did Finland make to the USSR when it abandoned its alliance with Germany in 1944?
Gave up territory and adopted a pro soviet foreign policy
30what atrocitiy was committed in Poland by soviets in 1940?
Katyn Forest Massacre
31when was the Kaytn forest massacre discovered?
1943
32What attempt to restore independence to poland before the red army could take control happened in August 1944?
The warsaw rising
33who became the communist but independent leader of Yugoslavia after communist partisans liberated the country without soviet help?
Josef Tito
34in what country did the Yalta conference take place?
USSR modern day ukraine
35what did the big 3 agree about the future of Germany?
It would be divided into 4 zones of occupation
36why did Churchill and Roosevelt still need to keep stalin placated at yalta?
The red army was needed to defeat Germany
37where would the Polish border be moved westward to?
The oder-Neisse line
38what did Stalin agree would happen in the Eastern European nations that he had liberated?
Free elections
39who would form the government of Poland?
A coalition between the London and the Lublin poles
40what value of reparations was agreed Germany would pay to the USSR?
$20 billion
41what iternational body did the big 3 agree to found at the Yalta conference?
The united nations
42who replaced Roosevelt after his death in 1945?
Hary Truman
43why were so few new agreements made at potsdam?
There was no longer a common enemy to unite the west
44why had Stalin previously been distrustful of the western powers?
Because of their intervention in the Russian civil war supporting the anti bolsheviks
45what were the Soviet satellites?
Eastern European countries that were liberated by the Red army and were in the soviet sphere of influence
46how many people had Stalin killed in his purges?
700,000 to 1,200,000
47when did Stalins great terror start?
1936
48What was Stalins great terror?
A brutal political campaign led by stalin to eliminate dissenting members of the communist party and anyone else he considered a threat
49where were the survivors of Stalins purges sent?
They were sent to forced labour camps known as Gulags
50what were stalins show trials?
They were politically motivated trials, where Stalins government accused and convicted individuals of various crimes, often without evidence or fair legal proceedings
51what were Stalins show trials used for?
To eliminate perceived political opponents and consolidate Stalins power
52what did Truman view the USA as?
The defender of liberties
53who was the prime minister of Britain from 1945 after Churchill?
Clement atlee
54why did the Tehran conference change Churchills view of Stalin?
Stalin promised to shoot 50,000 German officers after the surrender as a joke
55why did Stalin especially want Poland?
It was the most important country for his buffer zone because it was directly between USSR and Germany
56who was Josef Tito?
Communist dictator who ruled Yugoslavia and liberated it in 1944
57what country moved into the Yugoslav sphere?
Albania
58who led the Communist Partisans in Yugoslavia?
Josef tito
59when did Finland leave the axis powers?
1944
60how did the Soviets benefit from liberating Finland?
Finland supplied them with much needed resources such as equipment, railroads and goods
61when did Finland leave the axis powers?
1944
62When was the treaty of Moscow signed and accepted by Finland?
1940
63what Eastern European country was an ally of Germany and had been involved in operation barbarossa?
Hungary
64who was Ferenc Szalasi?
The leader of the hungarian facist party, installed as prime minister by the Germans in 1944
65what party was banned after the liberation of Czechoslovakia?
The Czeck Agrarian party
66when was the treaty of Friendship signed?
Dec 1943
67when was the warsaw rising?
1944
68why was Benes willing to sign a treaty with Stalin?
He mistrusted the west after the munich agreement allowed the German Annexation of Sudetenland and was prepared to go along with Stalin for security
69what attempt to restore independence to Poland before the Red army could take control happened?
The Warsaw rising
70when was the Russian civil war?
1918 -1921
71when was the Russian-polish war?
1820
72what were the outcomes of the Polish russian war?
Poland isolates Russia geographically and Russia wants to reclaim it
73when was the Nazi-Soviet pact?
1939
74when was operation barbarossa?
1941
75when was the Tehran conference?
November 1943
76when was the Yalta conference?
Feb 1945
77when was the Potsdam Conference?
July 1945
78what leaders attended the Potsdam Conference ?
Truman, Churchill, stalin
79when and where did USA drop the first atomic bomb?
Hiroshima 1945 japan
80what was the second atomic bomb the US dropped in 1945?
Nagasaki
81Who became the leader of the USSR after Stalins death?
Nikita Khrushchev
82who delivered the secret speech?
Nikita Khrushchev
83when was the secret speech delivered?
Febuary 1956
84what term was given to the protest movement in poland in summer 1956?
The Poznan rising
85who was appointed as reformist leader of poland but didnt not pursue any serious changes?
Wladyslaw Gomulka
86what reforms did Gomulka announce when he was in power?
multi party elections, abolition of the secret police, withdrawl from the Warsaw pact
87who was appointed PM of Hungary in response to the protests in 1956?
Imre Nagy
88what policy did Khrushchev announce in his secret speech?
Destalinisation
89what effect did the secret speech have on soviet satellites?
it led them believe they were free to pursue reforms
90how did the US and NATO respond to the Hungarian uprising?
they did not intervene
91what did Nagy do when the Red Army invaded Hungary?
broadcast an appeal for Western help
92who was the UK prime minister who was humiliatingly forced by Eisenhower to call of this attempt?
Anthony Eden
93during the Hungarian rising, the worlds attention was distracted by a British attempt to use military force to regain control of what strategically important waterway?
the suez canal
94What is destalinization?
Relaxation of censorship and release of political prisoners by Khrushchev in order to correct the execces done by Stalin
95what were the Hungarian secret police called?
the AVO
96when was Austria divided into 4 zones of occupation?
1945
97context of Austrias stance in 1956?
Neutral, no troops or membership to NATO
98What evidence is there of Austria being cooperative after 1949?
mutual agreement to pull out all troops from East and West
99why did the Hungarians threaten the USSR?
They wanted to be neutral, if they were successful it would have encouraged other countries to follow and be neutral aswell
100when did the reformers begin demonstrating and where?
began in 1956 in Budapest
101what were the demands of Hungarian reformers?
withdrawal of soviet troops , multi party elections , freedom of speech and the press
102what was the name of the hardline communist leader during the Hungarian rising?
Erno Geo
103who replaced Erno Geo?
Imre Nagy
104what was Khrushchev’s response to Nagy’s reforms?
He is angry and orders 15 divisions and 4,000 tanks to surround the capital
105how many Hungarians are killed when the Red Army invades Hungary?
3,000
106Why did Nagy’s reforms anger Khrushev?
He pushed Moscow too far and did not remain in the soviet bloc
107what was the impact of the Hungarian Rising?
Reveals soviets and Khrushchev’s ability and decision to use extreme force if necessary
108when was churchills iron curtain speech?
March 1946
109what did churchill say in his iron curtain speech?
Condems the soviet unions policies in Europe and precedes the war
110when was the truman doctrine?
1947
111why was the truman doctrine created?
Britain in economic crisis- could no longer support greece or turkey financially. USA fear the spread of communism into Western Europe
112what was the truman doctrine?
President Harry Truman promised to help any country at threat of communist revolution or takeover
113when was the marshall plan introduced?
June 1947
114what was the marshall plan?
Program of economic aid offered to help an European countries. Aid was only given to Western European countries as stalin forbid any soviet satellites from accepting aid
115when was cominform set up?
1947
116what was cominform ?
An alliance of European communist parties to help them plan and work together to spread Stalins ideas. Communist information bureau
117when was the Berlin Blockade?
June 1948
118when was the Berlin Blockade ended?
May 1949
119what organisation was formed in April 1949?co
NATO
120Why was Nato formed?
Formed to provide collective security against the soviet union
121when did Stalin die?
march 1953
122who replaced stalin after his death in 1953?
Nikita Krushchev
123when did the greek civil war end ?
1949
124how did Stalin see marshall aid?
As dollar imperalism
125how many citizens lived in Berlin during the bloackade?
2 million
126what where the geneva accords?
A set of documents that ended the French war with the Vietminh and divided vietnam into North and South states
127when was the Warsaw pact established?
1955 May
128what was the warsaw pact?
A collective defense treaty established by the USSR and 7 other Soviet satellites
129what countries joined the Warsaw pact apart from USSR?
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungar, Poland, Romania
130By 1952, how much money had USA sent in marshall aid?
$13 billion
131what is imperialism?
A nation who exerts control or influence through conolisation
132when was the long telegram sent?
1946
133who sent the Long telegram?
George Kennan
134why did he send the long telegram?
He had witnessed stalins trials and purges and believed communism should not be shared or have an alliance with the west
135what was Stalins response to the marshall plan?
Comecon (council for mutual economic assistance)
136when was comecon founded?
1949
137what were the names of the countries called the baltic states?
Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia
138why were the balitc states vital for Stalin?
They controlled access to the Baltic sea
139what were the shared aims for the 4 zones of Germany and Berlin?
Denazification, Demilitarisation, Democratisation
140when did US and Britain merge zones?1946
jan 1947
141what was these merged zones called?
Bizonia
142what was introduced in western zones of Germany?
New currency ‘Deutsmark’
143when were the elections in Germany postwar?
1946
144CCU Christian democrats
Conservative + catholic, popular in western zones, run by Konrad Adenaur
145who was the first chancellor of Germany postwar?
Konrad Adenaur
146Social democrats SDP
Moderate left, popular in western and soviet zones
147Socialist Unity party SED
formed in the soviet zones by the forced merger of the SDP and the german communist party KPO
148policies that were made after SED was formed
banks+industy were nationalised, land re distribution, intimiated and arrested pro western parties
149why did KPD perform badly in the 1946 elections?
The red army had a bad reputation as they had been looting and raping duirng their occupation, anti communist propaganda
150what did the SDP and CDU have to do in the Eastern zones of germany?
Promote the german communist party to have a compliant administration
151when was Trizonia created?
August 1948
152how did the west react to the berlin blockade?
imposed a counter blockade , berlin airlift
153when did the Berlin blockade start?
1948
154when did the Berlin blockade end?
1949
155when was the czech crisis?
1948
156what is meant by ‘nuclear deterrent’?
Possession of nuclear weapons as a means of deterring potential attacks
157when was the Berlin rising?
June 1953
158when did the USSR invade Afghanistan?
1979
159why did the soviets invade Afghanistan?
to prop up a communist government that was fighting a losing battle against Islamic rebels.
160how did the US react to the soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
President Jimmy Carter ended the shipments of grain from the USA, suspended further arms limitations talks and the USA boycotted the 1980 moscow olymics, also imposed economic sanctions
161What had happend in Afghanistan prior to the soviet invasion?
In april 1978, the Afghan communist party seized power in a military coup d’etat. The new government quickly embarked on a radical reform programme that quickly alienated conservative islamic groups who began an armed rebellion. The Afghans turned to the USSR for assistance who supplied both weapons and military advisors. However, by late 1979, the communist regime was in danger of collapse and the USSR invaded.
162How many troops did the USSR send to Afghanistan?
50,000
163when was the election of Ronald Reagan?
1980
164how did Reagan describe the USSR?
as an ‘evil empire’
165what new nuclear weapons did Reagan deploy in Europe?
Perishing II missiles and cruise missiles
166when was the outer space treaty, prohibiting nuclear weapons in space?
1967
167what did the new nuclear weapons deployed by Reagan in Europe aim to counter?
the new soviet SS-20s
168how long was the wait to purchase a car in bulgaria?
20 years
169what communist regimes were the soviets propping up and how much were they receving by 1980?
Cuba and Vietnam were receiving $1bn a year by 1980
170around how much of the soviet GDP was being spent on the military?
1/4
171when did Brezchev die?
1982
172when was the carter doctrine issued?
1980
173when was the cuban missile crisis?
october 1962
174what was the duration of the vietnam war?
1955-1975
175who did the US back in Afghanistan?
they supported the Afghan resistance groups called the mujadeen against the soviet backed government
176what were the main problems with agriculture in the USSR
lack of modernization, low fertilization, poor transport, labour intensive farming system
177when was comecon established?
1949
178what was the only self sufficent country in terms if food in the eastern bloc?
Hungary
179how much of Hungarys arable land was privately owned?
12% : produced almost all the fruit and veg consumed in Hungary
180how much did the USSR spend on the war in Afghanistan?
$50 billion
181what were the Afghansty?
- soviet soldiers who had fought in afghanisatan came back to USSR and felt deep dissatisfaction with their losses and treatment by the gov. - over 500,000 returned with illnesses or physicological trauma
182what were soviet citizens told about soviet intervention in Afghanistan?
they were told that the Afghan government had asked for assistance and propaganda showed engineers building schools and roads
183how did Gorbachev describe the war in Afganistan in 1986?
as a ‘bleeding wound’ was a revelation for soviet citizens and illustated the reforms that he was trying to make
184when did Gorbachev become the general secretary of the communist party of the USSR?
march 1985
185what 2 main policies did Gorbachev announce to reform the USSR?
Glasnost and Perestroika
186what is the policy of Glasnost?
‘openess’ regarding the USSRs economic and political systems, including public discussion and debate
187what is the policy of perestroika?
transformation or restructuring of the communist party through economic and political reforms
188what did Gorbachev anounce in May of 1986?
Gorbachev announced that he would now consider ‘basket three’ of the Helskinki accords on human rights as important
189when were soviet citizens first given a choice of candidates in local elections?
1987
190when were the first free elections held in USSR?
1989 March
191what was the outcome of the 1989 elections?
the communist party won a majority but enough independent partys won seats to push the USSR down the road of democracy
192what was the Brezchev doctine replaced by?
the sinatra doctrine
193what was the sinatra doctine ?
Gorbachev announced that the soviet union would not send in tanks,even in the countries abandoned communist control. It meant that communist parties were on their own and could no longer rely on the soviet union for either military or economic support
194when was the sinatra doctrine?
1989
195when did Reagan announce the SDI star wars programme?
1983
196stat for the 'brain drain' fleeing from east germany to west germany
between 1949 to 1952 over 675,000 fled to west germany
197what event happend in september 1983 that increased tensions between the superpowers?
A soviet fighter aircraft destroyed a south Korean passenger plane, killing 269 passengers, 61 of which were US citizens. Andropov refused to accept responsinility and said he would no longer do business with the US.
198when did Brezchev die?
Feburary 1984
199who was Brezchev succeeded by?
the elderly political Chernenko
200what impact did Chernenko coming into power have?
he agreed to reopen arms negotiations for the strategic arms reduction treaty (START)
201when did Chernenko die and who replaced him?
he died in 1985 and was replaced by Gorbachev
202when was the Brezchnev doctrine and what was it?
1968 , following the prague spring = stated that soviet union had the right to intervene in the domestic affairs of eastern europe when interests of socialism were threatend
203what was the first summit with Reagan and Gorbachev and when?
Geneva 1985
204what happend at the Geneva summit and what was the impact of it?
The leaders agreed to talk and cooperate. Gorbachev later began to halt the total number of SS-20s that were deployed.
205at what summitt between Reagan and Gorbachev did Regan refuse to denounce the SDI programme?
Reykjavik in Iceland 1986
206which was the most significant of the Gorbachev Reagan summits?
Washington 1987
207when did Reagan visit moscow and what did he do there?
1988 : symbolic because he goes on a walkabout with Gorbachev. Symbolises the normalisation of relations and that the cold war was coming to a close.
208when was the Malta summitt, with who? what was the significance?
1989 George HW Bush and Gorbachev summit on a Yacht in Malta. Marked the end of the cold war
209what countries declared indpendence from Yugoslavia in 1991 and then in 1992?
Slovenia and Croatia 1991, Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1992
210who controlled the rest of the Yugoslav state by 1992 and what did he aim to do?
Serbian nationalist leader Miloševic. was prepared to use force to unite serbs living in croatia and bosnia with Serbia itself
211who was the president of Croatia by 1990s and what did he aim to do?
Tudjman. Wanted independence but was opposed by ethnic serbs in croatia who had the backing of the yugoslav army
212when did the Yugoslav army invade Croatia?
summer 1991
213what croatian town was completely destroyed with thousands killed?
Vukovar
214what was the outcome of the yugoslav invasion of croatia + events
The outnumbered and ill equipt croats were pushed back and the serbs occupied over 1/3 of the country. UN ceasefire 1992. Renewed fighting 1995 when Croatia regained almost all territoy.
215What was the impact of the war between croatia and serbia?
killed over 20,000. Process of ethnic cleansing on both sides
216when did Serbian forces attack and invade Bosnia?
1992
217what peace deal was signed by serbia and bosnia to end the war?
The Dayton Accords
218when were the Dayton accords?
1995
219why did Ronald Regan announce plans to deploy Perishing II missiles in Europe ?
in response to the new soviet union deploying SS-20 missiles
220what treaty is signed at the washington summit 1987?
INF - Intermediate nuclear forces treaty
221what was the INF treaty?
Aimed to eliminate all missiles with a range of 500-5,000 kilometers
222what happend at Reykavik summit?
Reagan refuses to denounce the star wars , SDI programme
223what role did Yeltsin have before he was elected president?
he was the ex mayor of Moscow
224when was the coup d’etat in Russia which paved the way for Yeltsin coming into power?
1991 August
225when did the soviet union cease to exist?
december 1991
226what was Gorbachevs last attempt to keep USSR intact?
He proposed a new union treaty in 1991 to create a federation of independent states to replace the USSR
227by the 1990s where did Gorbachev face strong oppostion form nationalist groups?
the baltic states
228how many soviet republics had gained independence by 1992?
11 out of 15
229what was Gorbachevs approach to tackling the widespread social issue of alcholism?
he slashed vodka production
230what people led the 1991 coup d’etat in Russia?
ministers and generals of the communist party who wanted to return to authoritarian rule
231when did the berlin wall fall?
1989
232how many east germans had left by the end of 1990 after the berlin wall fell?
600,000
233who was the chancellor of west germany by 1989?
Helmut Khol
234what did Khol propose to deal with the problems east and west germany was facing?
10 point plan for german unity that included : massive economic aid, an end to SED control, free elections and eventual reunification of east and west
235who became the east german chancellor after Krenz?
Modrow
236what did Modrow propose for east germany when he came into power?
he promised free elections and further economic reforms but these changes were not enough to placate the east german demonstators
237what worsening economic conditions was east germany facing by 1990?
strikes, growing black market, businesses heavily reliant on state aid
238what treaty was signed in 1990 between east and west germany?
Economic and social treaty: monetary union. one to one conversionn of the ostmark to the west german ostmark
239how many troops did the USSR have stationed in Germany by 1990?
360,000
240when were the first elections for all of Germany held and who won?
1993, Khol won a landslide victory
241who was the president of USA during the reunification of Germany in 1990?
George HW bush
242who was the president of the USSR during the reunification of Germany in 1990?
Gorbachev
243who was the prime minister of the UK during the reunification of Germany in 1990?
Margaret Thatcher
244what promises did Khol make to the west for them to agree to German reunification?
he promised to keep germany in NATO and the EEC
245what promise did Khol make to the USSR for them to agree to German reunification?
12 million DM in return for removing all of their troops by 1994
246when did the 4 powers give up all their rights they held over Germany?
september 1990.
247by 1992 how many soviet republics had declared independence?
11/15
248when did Gorbachev resign?
august 1991
249how was there a reduction of proliferation as a consequence of the dissilution of the ussr?
soviet republics like Ukraine and Belarus trannsferred their nuclear weapons to russia
250after the border of berlin opend up , how many migrants had fled westwards by the end of 1990?
by the end of 1990 600,000 migrants had fled westwards