1x-ray rube housing leakage radiation must be less than __mR/hr @ __ meter from housing
100mr/h(1mgy) @ 1 meter
2control panel must show
xray beam-on positiviely and clearly indicated
3SID indicator must be accurate to within
2% of actual SID
4collimator light must be accurate to within __ of SID
2% of SID
5Positive beam limitation must be accurate to within
2% of SID
6Minimum total filtration requirement on equipment operating above 70kvp is
2.5mm Al equiv
7What is filtration measured by?
HVL
8The output intensities of reproduced exposures should not vary more than?
5%
9what is linearity
measures the relationship between output intensities of ADJACENT mA stations
10linearity should not be more than a __ variation
10%
11exposure control should be fixed to
console
12mobile x-ray should have?
1 apron assigned to it
13source to skin distance must not be less than___ on stationary units
38cm (15.2 inches) on stationary units
14what is the primary protective barrior in fluoro
image intensifier
15what is the total filtration of the fluoroscopic x-ray beam
at least 2.5mm Al equiv
16fluoro x-ray beam collimators must provide an unexposed border around the image at __ above the tabletop
35cm above the tabletop
17automatic collimation must an unexposed border around the image at __ above the tabletop
all heights
18The fluroscopic exposure control should be what type?
dead man type
19bucky slot opening must be covered with how thick of shielding
.25mm Pb Equiv
20protective curtain must be how thick of shielding
.25mm Pb Equiv
21what is cumulative timer designed for
to make fluoroscopist aware of beam time (reduction of dose)
22what is dose area product
reflects dose AND volume of tissue irradiated
23beam intensity at tabletop should not exceed __/min for each mA at 80 kvp
2.1R/min, 2.2 for CA (20mGy/min)
24beam intensity at tabletop must not exceed a total of
10R/min
25beam intensity at tabletop for high level control __/min is allowed
20 R/min (200mGy/m)
26beam intensity limitation for cine or videography exams are?
no limit
27primary radiation is?
useful beam
28what does primary radiation require?
primary protective barrier
29secondary radiation requires?
secondary protective barrier
30what are the two types of secondary radiation?
scatter and leakage
31scatter radiation intensity _ meter from patient is approx _% of intensity of the useful beam at the patient
1 meter
.1% of intensity
32leakage radiation is emmited from?
tube housing in all directions other than useful beam
33what are the factors that affect barrier thickness
distance, occupancy, control, workload, use factor, kvp
34distance affecting barrier thickness refers to?
distance between tube and adjacent occupied areas (height of walls must be 6ft)
35how does occupancy affect barrier thickness
the concept reflects time of occupancy factor (full, frequent, occasional)
36What are the three occupancy factors
full, frequent, occasional
37What are the two control areas?
controlled, uncontrolled
38what is a controlled area
occupied primarily by radiology personnel and patients
39what is an uncontrolled area
occupied by anyone
40 workload that affects barrier thickness refers to?
level of radiation activity in a room ( how many exposures in the room)
41use factor that affects barrier thickness refers to?
% of time the beam is on and directed towards a particular wall
42how does kvp affect barrier thickness
used as a measure of penetrability
43barrier thickness measures quality or quantity of kvp?
quality
44what are the types of gas-filled detectors
ionization chambers
proportional counters
Geiger-Muller Detectors
45What are ionization chambers
precise calibration of the output intensity of x-ray tubes
46what are proportional counters
stationary lab instrument monitors low doses of radioactivity
47what are geiger-muller detectors
surveys low level radiation and radioactive contaminations (large areas like chernobyl)
48what are scintillation detectors and where are they used
material in detector will emit flash of light in response to absorption of an x-ray
used in nuclear med and ct
49thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) is?
the emission of light by a thermally stimulated crystal following irradiation
50What are the three things associated with thermoluminiscence Dosimetry (TLD)
-Lithium fluoride
-responds to dose
-reuseable
51what is most accurate and sensitive personal monitoring device with wide range of sensitivity
Optically stimulated luminescenceis (OSL)
52how does optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) work
-irradiation of aluminum oxide stimulates electrons into exicted state
-during processing a laser stimulates excited electrons causing emission of light
53Direct Ion Sorage (DIS) dosimeters have what kind of storage and is accumulated where?
•data storage using metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
-stores accumulated doses in electronic database
54what kind of memory device is Direct ion storage (DIS) dosimeters
•analog memory device that is very similar to an ion chamber
55what are 3 component benefits of Direct Ion Sorage (DIS) dosimeters
small in size, durable and reusable
56Direct Ion Sorage (DIS) dosimeters enable how many readers from a personal computer?
unlimited
57what is radiation
energy emitted in a sinusoidal wave form and transferred through matter
58where do rad techs recieve most of their occupational radiation exposure
fluoroscopy
59what is the use factor for secondary radiation
always 1