final special modali

registration in conjunction with HIS
Scheduling
Ordering
Patient Tracking
Radiologist function
Management reporting and tracking

PACS displays images while RIS displays report

create modality work list (MWL) on various modalities

HIS is system that handles patient management across hospital while RIS handles electronic management of imaging departments

when an image is captured on a IR, the image is sent directly to the computer system

when image is captured on a PSP or cassette, it has to be scanned in order to get onto the computer system

digital communcation in medicine
how images are transfered from one place to another

PACS is photoalbum, lets DRs see images
4 principles: image aquisition, display system, network, storage system

mathematical representation of the x-ray intensities that are transmitted through the body

numeric value representative of the amount of exposure that the image receptor recieved

inversely proportional

simple graph that displays where all the brightness levels contained in the scene are found, from the darkets to brightest

a layout of cells in rows and columns

artifacts, 'wavy' appearances and moire

random disturbances that obscure clarity

a process of mapping the gray scale to the VOI to present a specific display of brightness

altering the brightness and gray scale of an image using algorithms

varies how many shades of gray are available

lower contrast

higher contrast

sets the midpoint or range available on the image

increase shades of gray (12 bit =4096 shades, 16 bit = 65,536 shades)

intensity of light that represents actual pixels in the image on the monitor
predetermined by algorithms and midpoint is set by window level

difference in brightness between light and dark areas on image

photostimulable phosphor

mechanical, optical, computer

slow/fast scan driver

laser intensity control
scatter of stimulating beam
light quanta emitted by screen
light quanta collected

electronic noise
inadequate sampling
inadequate quantization

single or double

MRI, noninvasove so fewer risks

x-ray image inside of joint, provides clear image of soft tissue

view inside of the uterus and fallopian tubes
to see if fallopian tubes blocked or obstructed and to see if uterus is of normal size and shape

shoulder, knee, wrist, hip, TMJ
most common is shoulder

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
used to diagnose biliary and pancreatic pathologic conditions

injection of ionated contrast in spinal/ backbone space
when patients have pacemakers or metal rods

acute extension to prevent contrast from entering ventricular system

speed, accuracy, quality

efficiency in producing quality. images in the shortest possible time

optimum image quality, minimum repeats

cannot be sacrificed for speed, cannot use patient condition as excuse for poor quality images

distance

right angle

@T4 or higher (T2-T4)

into pleural space to evacuate either air or fluid

air collects anteriorly and fluid collects posteriorly

used for gastric decompression or feeding

portable chest xray

secure access for fluid therapy
drug infusions
parentaral nutrition (TPN

Measures pressures arterial and pulmonary to diagnose and evaluate cardiac function

into pulmonary artery from subclavian vein

peripherally insterted central catheter
most commmonly insterted at patients arm and advanced to central vein of patients chest

conversions of x-rays into light photons
conversions of light photons into electrons
accleration/ focusing of electrons
conversion of electrons into light photons

"on" time
3-5 mA

persistance or smearing of image

charged cople device
it converts x-ray photons into electric charge

pulsed

reduces dose by 90%

higher

dose reduction
speed of aquisition of images
post processing capabilities

shorter interrogation time
extinction time is less than 1 ms

wet diapers

advantage: improves visibility of small anatomic structures
disadvantage: increases patient dose

Higher mA and is similar to radiographic mode

to reduce heat loading on tube

.25mm pb equivalent

.25mm pb

fraction of time between interrogration and extinction time

5 rad/min (no aec)
10 rad/min (aec)

mA
kVp
collimation
filtration
exposure time
sid
patient to i.i distance

collimation

2.2 rads/min/mA

no limit

reduces soft x-rays that are harmful to skin

2.5mm AL Equiv and 3mm at 125 kVp

automatic brightness control or stabilizer
keeps light ouput of ii constant over variation of patient attenuation by varying kVp and mA

higher tube current 10-20 mA up to 40
patient dose is 2-10x higher

oxygenated

deoxygenated

nutrient rich

water soluable iodinated

nonionic

less nephrotoxic (cause fewer reactions) but more viscous (thicker)

upper extremity and administer contrast

enhanced visualizztion of vasculature following injection of contrast material

image attained at one time is subtracted from image attained another time

relationship between patient couch movement and x-ray beam width(8mm indexing with 8mm beam width = pitch 1

-1000

0

+20 to +50

+150 to +1000

how much dose patient got in CT scan

120-125ml/min
under 90ml/min is an indicator of renal dysfunction

glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculation using creatinine level

True

10-20mg/dL

.25mm pb

90-120mL/min

.5 to 1.2 mg/100mL

during mobile radiography

T2 - T4

a measure of the strength of the desired signal relative to background noise

the volume of tissue being irradiated multiplied by length of scan

standard that defines how to format and exchange medical images.

15 minutes

100mR/h

general public outside of MR enviroment

Area where patients are brought into their procedure

the control room (where techs operate)

magnet room

used in MR and CT studies to identify the relative anatomical position of a collection of cross-sectional images

speed of which table enters the gantry

the ability of an imaging system to differentiate between two nearby objects

ability of any imaging modality to distinguish between differences in image intensity

an individual point in space on a 3-dimensional, regular matrix

the element that makes up the image matrix

Gantry.
Computer / Operater Console.
Patient Table.

The outer layer is called tunica externa; a middle layer called the tunica media, and the inner layer lined called the tunica intima.

cephalic vein

basilic vein

median cubital

Permits certified RTs to perform venipuncture in an upper extremity and to administer contrast materials under the general supervision of a licensed physician

evoluation for pulmonary embolic disease

abdominal aortic aneurysm, occlusion, atherosclerotic dsease

atherosclerotic disease, rule out thrombosis or occlusion

arteriovenous malformations, tumors, aneurysm, stenosis, atheroclerosis

used to dilate strictures in venous structures , ureters, gi tract

used to trap emboli to prevent pulmonary embolism