Exam 2

Disorders marked by major changes in memory with no clear physical causes, triggered by traumatic events

one part of a person's memory or identity becomes dissociated from other parts of their memory or identity

A disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal events and information, usually of a stressful nature/typically triggered by traumatic event

1. Person cannot recall important life-related information, typically traumatic or stressful information. The memory problem is more than simple forgetting.
2. Significant distress or impairment.
3. The symptoms are not caused by a substance or medical condition

1. Person experiences a disruption to their identity, as reflected by at least two separate personality states or experiences of possession.
2. Person repeatedly experiences memory gaps regarding daily events, key personal information, or traumatic events, beyond ordinary forgetting.
3. Significant distress or impairment.
4. The symptoms are not caused by a substance or medical condition.

localized, selective, generalized, or continuous

Most common form of dissociative amnesia, person loses all memory of events that took place within a limited period of time, begins with disturbing occurence

The forgotten period, appear confused, wander aimlessly, unaware of memory difficulties

second most common form of dissociative amnesia, remember some but not all events that took place during a period of time

Loss of memory extends back to times long before upsetting period, extreme cases might not recognize relatives and friends

form of dissociative amnesia in which the forgetting does not end

A person's memory of personal material is lost, memory for abstract, encyclopedic information, and procedural memory like walking or riding a bike stays

they can name the president of the US or drive a car or read

2 percent

Serious threats to health and safety like wartime and natural disasters, childhood abuse (particularly sexual abuse), sudden loss of a loved one through rejection or death, extreme guilt over certain actions like an affair

An extreme version of dissociative amnesia where the person not only forgets their personal identities and details of their past life but also flee to an entirely different location, can be short or long term, start a new life and new identity, new personality characteristics

previously known as multiple personality disorder, develops two or more distinct personalities, each with a unique set of memories, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions, usually one appears more than others (primary or host)

The two or more distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with DID

Subpersonality that appears more often than the others

Transition from one subpersonality to another, sudden and may be dramatic, triggered by stressful event

1 percent

diagnosed in late adolescence or early adulthood but symptoms begin in early childhood after episodes of trauma or abuse, women diagnosed three times as often as men

mutually amnesic, mutually cognizant patterns, and one-way amnesic

subpersonalities have no awareness of one another

Each subpersonality is well aware of the rest, may hear one another's voices and even talk among themselves

most common relationship pattern, some subpersonalities are aware of others, but awareness is not mutual, aware ones are called coconscious subpersonalities

watch actions and thoughts of other subpersonalities but do not interact with them, might make itself known indirectly like auditory hallucinations or automatic writing

names, identifying features, abilities and preferences, and physiological responses e.g., speaking a foreign language, different race, glasses, blood pressure, allergies, unqiue brain activity patterns

caused by repression, most basic ego defense mechansim, prevent painful impulses, thoughts, or memories from reaching awarenss, dissociative amnesia is one episode of excessive repression while DID is a lifetime of excessive repression, motivated by traumatic childhood events like abusive parents

learn something in a particular situation or state of mind, likely to remember it best when they are again in that same condition, CBT theorisits suggest that the state=to-memory link in DID is rigid, thoughts and memories exclusively tied to a particular state of arousal

people consciously or subconsciously hypnotize themselves into forgetting horrifying experiences that have recently taken place in their lives

DA often recover on their own, but psychodynamic therapy (uncover repressed memories), hynotic therapy (hypnotize then guide them to recall their forgotten events), and drug therapy (barbiturates) truth serum

DID requires treatment to regain lost memories and develop and integrated personality, 1. recognize fully the nature of their disorder 2. recover the gaps in their memory 3. integrate their subpersonalities into one functional personality, fusion, many patients see integration as a form of death

not characterized by memory difficulties, persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization and/or derealization

the sense that one's own mental functioning or body is unreal or detached, doubling (floating above body), body parts feel foreign

the sense that one's surroundings are unreal or detached

Essential feature is disruption of usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity or perception of the environment, disturbance may be sudden or gradual, transient or chronic

significant impairments in identity, memory (old or new), consciousness, depersonalization and derealization, lack a clear physical cause

Dissociative amnesia, depersonalization disorder, dissociative trance disorder, dissociative identity disorder

patient has more than one distinct identity or personality state that surfaces in the individual on a recurring basis, marked by differences in memory, which vary with alters

amnesia, dissociation of personality, adopt alters (2-100, 15 on average), primary/host

identifying features (age, gender, race), abilities and preferences (encyclopedic info disturbed, diff language, violin), physiological responses (allergies, blood pressure)

female to male 9:1

1.5%

caused by repression (basic ego defense mechanism), people fight off anxiety by unconsciously preventing painful memories, thoughts, or impulses from reaching awareness. dissociative amnesia = single episode of massive repression, DID = result of lifetime of excessive repression (childhood trauma) but some DID dont have abuse

hypnosis can help people forget facts, events, and identity, people do it themselves

recognition of disorder, recovering memories, integration of subpersonalities

- therapists try to bond with the primary personality and with each of
the subpersonalities
- as bonds form, therapists try to educate the patients and help them recognize the nature of the disorder
- Some use hypnosis or video as a means of presenting other subpersonalities
- Many therapists recommend group or family therapy

- To help patients recover missing memories, therapists use many of the approaches applied in other dissociative disorders, including psychodynamic therapy, hypnotherapy, and drug treatment, these techniques tend to work slowly in
cases of DID

continuous process leading to fusion, merge diff personalities into single, integrated identity, patients distrust this, fusion = death, need therapy to maintain complete personality and teach social and coping skills

A disorder marked by the pursuit of extreme thinness and by extreme weight loss

1. individual purposely takes in too little nourishment, resulting in body weight that is very lwo and below that of other people of similar age and gender
2. individual is very fearful of gaining weight, or repeatedly seeks to prevent weight gain despite low body weight
3. individual has a distorted body perception, places inappropriate emphasis on weigh or shape in self-judgments, or fails to appreciate the serious implications of their low weight

Half of people with anorexia have it, reduce weight by restricting their intake of food, start with sweets and fattening snacks and increasingly eliminate other foods

People lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals or by abusing laxatives or diuretics, may even engage in eating binges

peak age of onset is between 14 and 20 years

stressful event or experience of personal failure

result of food deprivation

fear of gaining weight, preoccupation with food, thinking in distorted ways, psychological problems (depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, sleep disturbances), substance abuse, obsessive-compulsive patterns

Overestimate their actual proportions, maladaptive attitudes and misperceptions e.g. "I must be perfect in every way" "I will become a better person if I deprive myself",

rigid rules for food prep, specific shapes, exervise compulsively, perfectionism preceds onset

amenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycles), low body temp, low blood pressure, body swelling, reduced bone mineral density, slow heart rate, metabolic and electrolyte imbalances, rough dry cracked skin, brittle nails, hair loss, lanugo (baby hair) all over

known as a binge-purge syndrome, a disorder marked by frequent eating binges followed by forced vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight

An episode of uncontrollable eating during which a person ingests a very large quantity of food. Takes place over a limited period of time, often 2 hours, during which the person eats much more food than most people would eat during a similar time span

Forcing themselves to vomit, misuising laxatives, diuretics, or enemas, fasting, or exercising excessively

1. Repeated binge-eating episodes
2. Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain
3. Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months
4. Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself

between 15 and 20, lasts for years with periodic letup

Binge-eating/purging-type anorexia nervosa disorder

Binge-eating disorder

Most people with bulimia nervosa have multiple binge episodes per week. Typically, they carry out the binges in secret. The person eats massive amounts of food very rapidly, with minimal chewing — usually sweet, high-calorie foods with a soft texture, food is hardly tasted or thought about consume as many as 10,000 calories, preceded by feelings of great tension, powerless to control overwhelming need to eat "forbidden" foods, feels unable to stop eating, pleasure from relieving tension, then blame, shame, guilt, depression, and fear

Repeated vomiting affect's ability to feel satiated, leads to greater hunger, more frequent and intense binges, purging allows more bingeing, bingeing necessitates more purging

during or after intense dieting, one that earned praise

Bulimia is more concerned with pleasing others, being attractive to others, and having intimate relationships, more sexually active, mood swings, trouble coping or controlling with impulses or emotions, more than a third display borderline or avoidant personality disorder, only half have amenorrhea, but serious dental problems (loss of teeth and enamel)

both typically begin after a period of dieting by people who are fearful of becoming obese, driven to become thin, preoccupied with food, weight, and appearance, and struggling with depression, anxiety, obsessiveness, and the need to be perfect; heightened risk of suicide attempts and fatalities, substance abuse, believe they way too much and look too heavy regardless of their actual weight or appearance, marked by disturbed attitudes toward eating

A disorder marked by frequent binges without extreme compensatory acts, around half become overweight or even obese

1. recurrent binge-eating episodes
2. binge-eating episodes include at least three of these features:
- unusually fast eating
- absence of hunger
- uncomfortable fullness
- secret eating due to sense of shame
- subsequent feelings of self-disgust, depression, or severe guilt
3. significant distress
4. binge-eating episodes take place at least weekly over the course of 3 months
5. absence of excessive compensatory behaviors

75% for AN, 75% for BN, 64% for BED

preoccupied with food, eight, and appearance, tend to base evaluations of themselves largely on their weight and shape, misperceive body size and are extremely dissatisfied with their body, may struggle with feelings of depression, anxiety, self-disgust, and perfectionism, substance abuse

22-30

not as driven to thinness, do aspire to limit eating but perceive large portions of food as moderate in size, does not begin with extreme dieting, individuals who live with food insecurity (limited, uncertain, or unreliable availability of needed food due to limited financial means)

Obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, high cholesterol, and strokes, GI problems

Explains eating disorders by several key factors that place them at risk for the disorders, more factors that are present, more likely it is that a person will develop an eating disorder

disturbed mother-child interactions lead to ego deficiencies in child (poor sense of independence and control) and to severe perceptual disturbances

accurately attend to children's biological and emotinoal needs

fail to attend to children's needs, cannot correctly interpret the children's actual condition, e.g., feed when anxious rather than hungry of comfort when they are tired rather than anxious

grow up confused and unaware of their own internal needs, not knowing when they are hungry or full and unable to identify their own emotions, model children but do not have self reliance and feel theyre not in control of behavior, needs, and impulses, not owning own body

judge themselves based on their shape and weight and their ability to control them