1What age range defines toddlerhood?
1 to 3 years of age.
2What age range defines the preschool years?
3 to 5 years of age.
3How does growth during toddlerhood compare to infancy?
Growth slows considerably compared with infancy.
4What measurements are routinely used to assess growth in toddlers and preschoolers?
Height, weight, and BMI-for-age.
5Why is accurate growth measurement important?
It helps identify growth problems and assess nutritional status.
6What can inaccurate measurements lead to?
Errors in health status assessment.
7What is needed for accurate growth assessment?
Standard procedures, calibrated equipment, and accurate plotting.
8What developmental milestone occurs around 15 months?
Crawls upstairs.
9What developmental milestone occurs around 18 months?
Runs stiffly.
10What developmental milestone occurs around 24 months?
Walks upstairs one foot at a time and jumps in place.
11What developmental milestone occurs around 30 months?
Alternates feet while climbing stairs.
12What developmental milestone occurs around 36 months?
Rides a tricycle.
13How do toddlers typically behave around parents?
They often "orbit" around their parents.
14How does toddler social development change?
They transition from self-centered behavior to becoming more interactive.
15What happens to vocabulary during toddlerhood?
It rapidly expands.
16What behavior is common during the "terrible twos"?
Temper tantrums.
17When does bottle weaning usually begin?
9-10 months.
18When should bottle weaning be completed?
12-14 months.
19What fine motor skill develops around 12 months?
Refined pincer grasp.
20What feeding skill develops between 18 and 24 months?
Well-developed rotary chewing.
21Why is adult supervision important during toddler meals?
To prevent choking.
22What feeding rituals are common in toddlers?
They often insist on routines and rituals during meals.
23What eating behavior is common in toddlers?
Food jags.
24What is a food jag?
Eating the same food repeatedly while refusing others.
25How should new foods be introduced to toddlers?
Serve them with familiar foods.
26How do toddlers learn eating behaviors?
By imitating others.
27Why do toddlers often have decreased appetites?
Their growth rate slows.
28What is a general guideline for toddler portion sizes?
About 1 tablespoon of each food per year of age.
29Why should meal schedules be flexible?
Appetite varies from day to day.
30What cognitive characteristic is common in preschoolers?
Magical thinking.
31What social characteristic is common in preschoolers?
Egocentrism.
32What type of play develops during the preschool years?
Cooperative and organized play.
33Approximately how many words are in a preschooler's vocabulary?
More than 2,000 words.
34How does language change during the preschool years?
Children begin speaking in complete sentences.
35What utensils can preschoolers usually use independently?
Fork, spoon, and cup.
36Why should foods still be cut into bite-sized pieces?
To reduce choking risk.
37How does appetite change in preschoolers?
It increases before growth spurts.
38How can parents encourage healthy eating?
Involve children in meal planning and preparation.
39What natural ability do healthy children possess regarding food intake?
They regulate energy intake according to their needs.
40Why should parents avoid telling children to clean their plate?
It interferes with children's natural hunger and fullness cues.
41Do young children naturally know healthy eating habits?
No. Healthy eating habits must be taught.
42Why do preschoolers often refuse mixed foods?
They may prefer foods not to touch as a form of comfort or control.
43What is temperament?
A child's behavioral style.
44Which temperament accepts new foods easily?
Easy temperament.
45Which temperament has difficulty accepting new foods?
Difficult temperament.
46Approximately what percentage of children have a difficult temperament?
About 10%.
47What characterizes a slow-to-warm-up temperament?
Slow adaptation with mild negative responses to new foods.
48What tastes do children naturally prefer?
Sweet and slightly salty foods.
49What types of foods are children naturally attracted to?
Energy-dense foods.
50Besides parents, what influences children's food preferences?
Media and advertising.
51How many exposures to a new food may be needed before acceptance?
8-10 exposures.
52What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?
Reference values used to assess nutrient intakes of healthy individuals.
53Why are energy needs lower than during infancy?
Growth velocity slows.
54Are protein needs generally difficult to meet in toddlers?
No. They are usually met with typical diets.
55Which nutrients are toddlers most likely to consume inadequately?
Iron, calcium, and zinc.