Grammar Actual

clause of 2+ abl words (one is usually a participle) describing attendant circumstances

used to indicate a cause or reason

used after a comparative adjective or adverb, "than"

used with comparatives to indicate degree of difference (easier by much)

abl phrase of noun and adj to describe another noun (cave with hanging rocks)

used to express separation (often without ab, de, or ex)

used to tell in what specific respect something hold true (twelve in number)

used to show when (usually a time word: day, week hour, etc)

used to show time within which (in twenty days)

used to show how long something lasts (for many years)

used to reference origin and parts of the body (having been colored with respect to their eyes ie their eyes are now colored)

statements containing a protasis (if...Si) and an apodosis (then...decide etc.)

cum + indicative/subj "when" (when it was announced)

cum + subj "since" (since they excelled)

cum + subj "although" (Although Virgil sang)

used with passives to show who did it (must be made by you)

used with form of sum (Is there a sword to Dido?)

used to express purpose (which were for the use)

used to show who the situation is true for (To me, Dido was a good leader)

purpose + reference "as...for" (he left them as a guard for the town)

verbs with prefixes often take dative direct objects

verb of fearing + net - ne = "lest" ut = "that not" (many fear lest)

adjective takes to complete meaning

take genitive direct objects

noun made from a verb "ing" (fandi = of speaking)

purpose "for --ing"

adjective made from a verb "ing" (ND + noun)

subj is main verb, command "let" or "may" (let him reign)

command, only stem (-te is plural)

verb of commanding + ut/ne (he persuades him to try OR he persuades him that he should try)

verb of head + question word

verb of head + subject acc + infinitive

expression of a whole from which a part is being referenced (one part of them)

Future perfect participle + sum + (often) dative of agent, necessity "must"

ut/ne +subj "in order that..."

relative pronoun (little q/c word) + indicative

relative pronoun + subj, describes type of person (nor am I he, who would be terrified)

relative pronoun + subj, expresses purpose (the Helvetii sent legates who would say)

A clause that explains the consequence of an action: signal words ut, Qui and ut non: with the subjunctive

drop -m from PPP, shows respect, used in exclamations (mirabile dictu = wonderful to say)

made from PPP, used with verb of motion to show purpose "to" (iter fecit visum = he made a journey to see)

clause denoting a place in time (When the souls had arrived, ...)

direct address (same as nom, us to e and ius to i)

shows who is going with subject

shows the way way in which something is done

shows the tool used

shows where something came from

shows the place something is going

shows where something is

Future Active Participle + esse (posituri eramus = we were about to set aside)

causaratia + preceding genitive "for the sake of"

shows place

...go in locative!

The object of the noun that it qualifies (timorem piratorum = fear of pirates)

a group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with a noun or pronoun

A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.

a subordinate clause (dependent clause)!that acts as a noun

The subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun.

a subordinate clause that modifies a verb or adjective

the part of a sentence (or clause) that tells us what the subject does or is

a subordinate noun clause expressing indirect speech using an accusative subject and an infinitive verb

Paraphrasing another person's words.

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

A clause introduced by a relative pronoun or relative adverb

phrase that contains a participle and its modifiers and functions as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate.

a sentence with more than one subject or predicate.

A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.

a punctuation mark (;) indicating a pause, typically between two main clauses, that is more pronounced than that indicated by a comma.

a punctuation mark (:) used to precede a list of items, a quotation, or an expansion or explanation.

a punctuation mark (,) indicating a pause between parts of a sentence or separating items in a list.