2reverse activation energy, exo or endo? is change in activation energy pos or neg?
exo, neg
3in a potential energy diagram what are the mechanistic steps?
the peaks
4activation energy for reaction potential energy diagram
catalyzed hump
5change in enthalpy for reaction potential energy diagram
product energy amount, if less than reactants must be negative
6activation energy gap on reaction potential energy diagram
from reactant level to peak
7rate law for elementary reaction
just reactant, any coefficeient is an exponent
8molecularity
moles of reactants- unimolecular, bimolecular, trimolecular
9intermediates
get produced then become a reactant
10when k1<<k2
k1 is the slow step and controls the rate
11when equilibrium rate is
product over reactant
12attraction of ions to polar molecules
Energy varies inversely with the square of distance.
Higher ion charge means stronger attraction.
Larger dipole means stronger attraction.
Attraction gets stronger when:
charges are larger,
distance is smaller,
the dipole moment is larger.
13Order of hydration enthalpy
based on atomic radius size, largest radius, least negative hydration enthalpy
14form hydrogen bonds in liquid or solid
H directly bonded to N,O, or F
15boiling point and molecule
larger the molecule higher the bp
16What force mainly explains O2 solubility in water
dipole induced dipole
17lowest enthalpy of vaporization
lowest vp-> stronger imf (higher bp)
18dipole-dipole requires
both molecules to be polar
19ion-induced dipole would require
ions
20When does vapor pressure increase?
when temperature is increased
21Why does water form a meniscus in a narrow glass tube?
The attractive forces between water and glass are stronger than the cohesive forces between water molecules, so water climbs the walls of the tube and curves upward at the edges.
22Number of atoms in a body-centered cubic unit cell
2, 8 corners 1/8x8=1 and 1 body center
23simple cubic
A simple cubic cell has atoms only at the corners, 1 atom
24Strongest ionic bonds
smallest charge
25Molality
moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
26mole frac
mole of x/ mole of x+ moles of y
28Effect of lowering temperature on gas solubility
Gas solubility in water generally increases when temperature decreases.
29Highest boiling point
molecules x moles
30freezing point depression
lowers the temp so its negative
35osmosis is
Osmosis is the movement of the solvent
36in osmosis Water moves toward
Solvents move from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.”
True. Water moves toward the side with more solute.
37Osmotic pressure is a _____ property.
colligative
38change in n or delta n
moles of gas products - moles of gas reactants
39If Q > K in a gas reaction
the reaction goes backward
40Q<K
the reaction moves forward to make more products
41Shifts for the endothermic reaction: temp raised, volume increased, reactant removed, prodcut removed, prodcut doubled
temp raised right, volume increased right , reactant removed left, prodcut removed right, prodcut doubled left
increasing volume lowers pressure, so equilibrium shifts toward the side with more gas moles
42Effect of increasing temperature on an endothermic reaction’s Kp
Kp increases and the reaction proceeds forward
delta h>0 endothermic
43acid =
acid = proton donor
44base =
base = proton acceptor
45acts as both acid and base
amphiprotic
46Why is Ka for HI larger than for HF
HI has the larger Ka because the H–I bond is weaker than the H–F bond.
47At equal concentration, the acid with the ______Ka is the strongest acid, and the strongest acid gives the lowest pH.
largest
48Which weak acid has the strongest conjugate base?
Ka increases, acid gets stronger, conj base gets weaker
49H2O or HF
HF is stronger.
Reason: fluorine is more electronegative, and the H–F bond polarity makes HF more acidic than water.
50B(OH)3 or Al(OH)3
B(OH)3 is stronger.
Reason: boron is more electronegative than aluminum, so B(OH)3 is more willing to accept electron density in a way that increases acidity.
51NH3 or H2S
H2S is stronger as an acid.
NH3 is much better known as a base, while H2S can donate protons more readily.
52H2O or H2Te
in group 16, acidity increases down the group because the H–E bond gets weaker as the atom gets larger.
53Lower pH = ____ H shifting the dissolution equilibrium to the
Lower pH = more H shifting the dissolution equilibrium to the right
57If a nucleus emits an alpha particle
its atomic number decreases by two and its mass number decreases by four.
58a, b, y least to most penetrating
a<b<y
59Why dx2 y2 and dz2 repel ligands most in octahedral complexes
those orbitals point directly toward incoming ligand pairs.
60In order for there to be a possibility between high and low spin configurations
d4-d7
61d4 high spin unpaired e
4
62d4 low spin unpaired e
2