Flashcard decks

FINALS

113 flashcardsby CHRISTY
Study these flashcardsFree · spaced repetition · iPhone, Android, Mac & web

All cards

1
An act authorizing the legacy or donation of all or part of a human body after death for specified purposes
Organ Donation Act (RA 7170)
2
When did RA 7170 approved?
January 7, 1992
3
a facility licensed, accredited or approved under the law for storage of human bodies or parts thereof
Organ Bank Storage Facility
4
deceased individual, and includes a still-born infant or fetus
Decedent
5
an individual who makes a legacy of all or part of his body
Testator
6
individual authorized under this Act to donate all or part of the body of a decedent
Donor
7
licensed, accredited or approval under the law, and includes, a hospital operated by the Government
Hospital
8
includes transplantable organs, tissues, eyes, bones, arteries, blood, other fluids and other portions of the human body
Part
9
individual, corporation, estate, trust, partnership, association, the Government or any of its subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities, including government-owned or -controlled corporations; or any other legal entities
Person
10
licensed or authorized to practice medicine under the laws of the Republic of the Philippines
Physician/Surgeon
11
persons enumerated in Section 4 of this Act
Immediate Family of the Decedent
12
irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or the irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem
Death
13
A person shall be medically and legally dead if either:
In the opinion of the attending physician, based on the acceptable standards of medical practice, there is an:

▪absence of natural respiratory and
cardiac functions
▪attempts at resuscitation would not be successful
14
A person shall be medically and legally dead if either:

2) In the opinion of the consulting physician, concurred in by the attending physician:
▪irreversible cessation of all brain functions
▪absence of such functions ▪further attempts at resuscitation
▪continued supportive maintenance would not be successful
15
Fill in the blanks:

•shall be diagnosed separately by the attending physician and another ______ physician, both of whom must be appropriately qualified and suitably experienced in the care of such parties
•death shall be recorded in the _________
consulting physician, patients medical record
16
Section 3
Person Who May Execute a Legacy
17
Any individual, 18 years of age and of sound mind, may give by way of legacy, to take effect after his death, all or part of his body for any purpose specified in Section 6 hereof.

True or false:
True
18
Section 4
Person Who May Execute a Donation
19
PERSON WHO MAY EXECUTE A DONATION:
•Spouse
•Son or daughter of legal age •Either parent
•Brother or sister of legal age
•Guardian over the person of the decedent at the time of his death
20
Section 5
EXAMINATION OF HUMAN BODY OR PART THEREOF
21
shall be conducted on the cadaver immediately after the pronouncement of death:
• accident
• trauma
•other medico-legal cases
autopsy
22
Purpose of autopsy:
determine qualified and healthy human organs for transplantation and/or in
furtherance of medical science
23
Section 6
PERSONS WHO MAY BECOME LEGATEES OR DONEES
24
for medical or dental education, research, advancement of medical or dental science, therapy or transplantation
hospital, physician or surgeon
25
for education, research, advancement of medical or dental science, or therapy
accredited medical or dental school, college or university
26
for medical or dental education, research, therapy, or transplantation; and
•organ bank storage facility
27
for therapy or transplantation needed by him
specified individual
28
Section 7
Duty of Hospitals
29
Section 8
Manner of Executing a Legacy
30
transfer of tissue from one site to another within an individual

regularly accepted by the body
autograft
31
•transfer of tissue between genetically identicals
•usually taken permanently
isograft/syngeneic
32
usually rejected unless the recipient is given immunosuppressive drugs
allograft/homograft
33
transfer of tissue between two individuals of the same species
allograft/homograft
34
- transfer of tissue between different species

- always rejected
heterograft/xenograft
35
Types of transplant:
1. Kidney
2. Heart
3. Lung
4. Liver
5. Bone marrow
6. Pancreas
7. Skin
8. Peripheral blood stem cells
9. Cornea
36
Complications include:
1.Bacterial,fungal,viralorparasitic infections or neoplasms
2. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be toxic to organs
3. Graft vs. host disease (GVHD) can occur when new lymphocytes in bone marrow transplant are released into the peripheral blood
37
easily grafted because they are avascular and lymphatic supply of the eye prevents many antigens from triggering an immune response
cornea
38
In your graft vs host disease, Not a problem with heart and kidney transplants but only of _________
bone marrow transplants
39
Occurs whenever there is an antigen difference between donor and recipient because the bone marrow can produce lymphocytes which can become sensitized to the recipient’s antigen
graft vs host disease
40
Symptoms of Graft vs. Host Disease:
•Liver abnormalities
•Skin rash that looks like measles
•Diarrhea
•Wasting
•Death
41
Methods to determine haplotype matching
DNA Sequencing through PCR
Serologic Assays
42
highly specific and sensitive; method of choice
DNA SEQUENCING THROUGH PCR
43
Cells of donor and recipient are reacted with a battery of antibodies for Class I or Class II MHC
Serologic assays
44
Satisfactory method but fails to identify certain alleles that have been detected by DNA sequencing
Serologic assays
45
Refers to the fate of cells, tissues, or organs transplanted between different individuals or from one individual to oneself
graft acceptance and rejection
46
2 types of rejection:
First Set of Rejection
Second Set of Rejection
47
•first time a graft is encountered and rejected
•immune system attacks and ultimately destroys the “non-self” tissue
•occur 10 – 14 days after transplantation
First set rejection
48
•Second time the same set of non-self tissue is
encountered
•Rejected within 6 days
Second Set Rejection
49
Clinical Indications of Graft Rejection
1. Hyperacute Rejection
2. Acute/AcceleratedRejection 3. ChronicRejection
50
•Occurs within 24 hours
•There is rapid vascular spasms and vascular occlusions
hyperacute rejection
51
•Occurs weeks of transplantation (10-30 days)
•Infiltration of small lymphocytes, mononuclear cells and granulocytes around small blood vessels of the graft
Acute or accelerated rejection
52
Occurs months to years after transplantation
chronic rejection
53
among siblings for both haplotypes shared
25% chance
54
for 1 haplotype to be shared
50% chsnce
55
for no haplotypes shared
25%
56
Interfere with nucleic acid metabolism of the mononuclear cells
AZATHRIOPRINE, CYCLOSPHOSSPHAMIDE, METHOTREXATE
57
Anti-inflammatory drugs that decrease the number of lymphocytes
CORTICOSTEROIDS
58
Prevents helper-cell activation
Cyclosphorin A
59
Contains antibodies to kill lymphocytes in the recipient
Antilymphocyte serum
60
• is a practical and normative science, based on reason, which studies human acts and provide norms for their goodness or badness
ethics
61
likewise known as moral philosophy, moral rectitude or the rightness and wrongness of human acts
ethics
62
ethics deals with a systematized body of knowledge that can be used, practiced and applied to human action
practical science
63
considers the usefulness, practicality and application of human knowledge, which is simply interested in truth for its own sake, without any bearing on action and experience
practical science
64
ethics establishes norms or standards for the
direction and regulation of human actions
normative science
65
it is also known as special ethics
applied ethics
66
Study of ethical issues and values not only in medicine and biology but also in the behavioral sciences
bioethics
67
Oldest phase of bioethical exploration which is a formulation of ethical norms for the conduct of health care professionals in the treatment of patients
medical ethics
68
Second phase in the development of bioethical study
research ethcs or biomedical research
69
Refers to the use of humans as experimental specimens (e.g. prisoners, poor patients, children and fetuses)
research or bionedical research
70
Third stage in the development of bioethical inquiry
public policy
71
Accentuates the participatory aspect of decision-making in a democratic set-up with regard to the formulation of public policies for the benefit of all
public policy
72
Refers to people’s efforts or involvement in formulating public guidelines for both clinical cases and biomedical research
public policy
73
Done through surveys, meetings, conferences, convocations
public policy
74
Practice of doing acts of goodness, kindness and charity
principle of beneficence
75
Marks the significance of individual autonomy which mandates a strong sense of personal responsibility for one’s own life
principle of autonomy
76
Right to self-determination giving emphasis to the moral right of an individual to determine what is good for himself/herself
principle of autonomy
77
rendering of what is due or meited
principle of justice
78
an individual or group receives is determined by balancing the competing claims of other individuals or groups
comparative justice
79
•distribution of medical goods is determined by a certain standard rather than buy the needs or claims of individuals
•“First come, first served”
noncomparative justice
80
stresses the ebd result, goal or consequence of an act.

also called consequential ethics
teleological
81
stresses duty as the norm of moral actions; also known as duty ethics
deontological ethics
82
• Also known as moral relativism
• No universal or absolute moral principles
ethical relativism
83
Standards of right and wrong are always relative to a particular culture or society
ethical relativism
84
By Joseph Fletcher (an American Protestant medical doctor)
situation ethics
85
prescribes certain general laws or norms
legalism
86
frees the Christian from the
obligations of the moral law
antinomianism
87
moral norm depends upon a given situation, but whatever situation may be, one must always act in the name of Jesus Christ
situationism
88
By Charles Peirce and William James
pragmatism
89
More of the theory of knowledge, truth and
meaning than of morality
pragmatism
90
Holds that the true and valid form of knowledge is one which is practical, workable, beneficial and useful
pragmatism
91
by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
utilitarianism
92
The righteous and wrongness of actions is determined by the goodness and badness of their consequences
utilitarianism
93
Principle of utility: “Actions are good insofar as they tend to promote happiness, bad as they produce unhappiness”
utilitarianism
94
By Immanuel Kant
kants ethics
95
Maintains that one acts morally of and only if one
does whatever one is obliged to do
kants ethics
96
By William David Ross
ross ethics
97
• “Kung nakagawa ka ng masama, gumawa ka ng mabuti.”
duty of reparation
98
Proper distribution of social benefits and burdens
duty of justice
99
• Contribute whatever small way we can to others
duty of beneficence
100
• Not injuring others
• “Ang masakit sa iyo ay huwag mong gawin sa kapwa mo.”
duty of non malificence
101
The greater good to be shared by all members should
not be used to justify the loss of freedom of others
rawls theory of justice
102
After St. Thomas Aquinas (Thomistic/Scholastic ethics)

• “Do good. Avoid evil” through the voice of right reason or conscience
natural law ethics
103
Either a thing (money) or action (surgical operation)
object
104
Conditions which are superadded to the nature of moral act
circumstances
105
•Affects the goodness or badness of an action or decision in a number of important ways
• A good act with a bad motive makes the moral action bad
end product
106
refers to the moral and inviolable power vested in him/her as a person to do, hold or demand something as his own
patients rights
107
Right to receive all necessary information concerning diagnosis and treatment
right to informed consent
108
Refers to knowledge and information about the consent to a particular for of medical treatment
right to informed consent
109
Content of what a patient is told or informed about
during the consent negotiation
disclosure
110
Whether the information given has been understood
comprehension
111
o Patient’s capacity for decision making
o One can choose between alternatives
o One can justify one’s choice
o One does not only justify one’s choice but does so in a reasonable manner
competence
112
Information and understanding are necessary for genuine deliberation
right to informed consent
113
Refers to the necessary information a patient should know about a medical treatment or experiment
right to informed consent
Study all 113 cards for free