NOTES (ELECTROLYTES, HORMONES)

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1
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) vs. Calcitonin Source - Endocrine gland responsible for the synthesis and secretion of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid gland
2
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) vs. Calcitonin Source - Specific cell type within the thyroid gland that synthesizes and secretes Calcitonin
C-cells
3
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) vs. Calcitonin Bone Effect - Complete structural process or action exerted by Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) on bone tissues
Bone resorption
4
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) vs. Calcitonin Bone Effect - Principal defensive action exerted by Calcitonin to preserve bone integrity and decrease resorption
Bone protection
5
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) vs. Calcitonin Calcium Regulation - Total directional impact of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) on serum calcium and magnesium concentrations
Increases
6
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) vs. Calcitonin Calcium Regulation - Total directional impact of Calcitonin on serum calcium and magnesium concentrations
Decreases
7
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) vs. Calcitonin Phosphate Regulation - Directional impact of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) on blood phosphate levels via renal excretion pathways
Decreases
8
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) vs. Calcitonin Phosphate Regulation - Directional impact of Calcitonin on blood phosphate levels
Decreases
9
Parathyroid Gland Pathology - Immediate fatal neuromuscular consequence of untreated parathyroid gland absence caused by catastrophic hypocalcemia
Tetany
10
Hormone Receptor Binding - Cellular location where fat-based steroid and thyroid hormones bind due to their lipophilic nature
Intracellular receptors
11
Hormone Receptor Binding - Cellular location where water-loving peptide hormones must bind because they cannot cross the lipid bilayer
Cell surface
12
Pituitary Anatomy (Anterior) - Alternative medical designation given to the anterior pituitary gland due to its capacity to synthesize its own hormones
Adenohypophysis
13
Pituitary Anatomy (Anterior Status) - Structural descriptive phrase given to the anterior pituitary gland because it builds and secretes its own products
True Gland
14
Pituitary Anatomy (Posterior) - Alternative medical designation given to the posterior pituitary gland because it acts strictly as a storage site
Neurohypophysis
15
Pituitary Anatomy (Posterior Status) - Structural descriptive phrase given to the posterior pituitary gland because it cannot synthesize hormones on its own
False Gland
16
Pituitary Anatomy (Posterior Products) - Enumeration of the two specific hypothalamic hormones stored and released by the neurohypophysis
ADH and Oxytocin
17
Feedback Mechanisms (Menstrual Cycle) - Regulatory feedback mechanism type activated explicitly before ovulation to trigger the LH surge
Positive feedback mechanism
18
Feedback Mechanisms (Menstrual Cycle Surge) - Specific pituitary gonadotropin hormone that spikes dramatically as a direct result of positive estrogen feedback before ovulation
LH surge
19
Adrenal Feedback Loop (Hypothalamus) - Specific neurohormone released by the hypothalamus under high-stress conditions to initiate the adrenal cascade
CRH
20
Adrenal Feedback Loop (Pituitary) - Specific tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland when stimulated by CRH
ACTH
21
Adrenal Feedback Loop (Target) - Principal glucocorticoid hormone synthesized and released by the adrenal cortex under stress conditions
Cortisol
22
Endocrine Pathology (Primary Cushing's) - Upstream directional status of CRH and ACTH when the target adrenal gland is overproducing cortisol on its own
Decreases
23
Endocrine Pathology (Secondary Cushing's) - Downstream hormone target product and upstream regulatory neurohormone status when an anterior pituitary tumor overproduces ACTH
Increased Cortisol, Decreased CRH
24
Endocrine Pathology (Tertiary Cushing's) - Hypothalamic hormone status that drives the subsequent overproduction of both ACTH and Cortisol
Increased CRH
25
Thyroid Feedback Loop (Normal) - Sequential hormone cascade path triggered by the physiological release of Hypothalamic TRH
TRH increases ACTH increases T4
26
Thyroid Feedback Loop (Tertiary Hypothyroidism) - Directional profile status of TRH, TSH, and T4 during hypothalamic failure
Decreased TRH, Decreased TSH, Decreased T4
27
Thyroid Feedback Loop (Primary Hypothyroidism) - Upstream directional status of regulatory TRH and TSH when the thyroid gland itself fails to produce thyroid hormone
Increased TRH, Increased TSH
28
Growth Hormone Mediators - Specific hepatic hormone product stimulated by Growth Hormone that serves as the historic sulfation factor
IGF-1
29
Growth Hormone Mediators - Historical synonym or alternative factor name assigned directly to Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)
Somatomedin C
30
Growth Hormone Stimulus - Specific structural stage of sleep that serves as the primary physical trigger for peak growth hormone release
Deep Sleep
31
Growth Hormone Inhibitor - Primary regulatory peptide hormone responsible for the direct inhibition of growth hormone synthesis
Somatostatin
32
Growth Hormone Inhibitor Sources - Enumeration of the three primary organic anatomical regions or tissues that produce somatostatin
Pancreas, gut, hypothalamus
33
Growth Hormone Inhibitor Cells - Specific endocrine cell type located within the pancreas that synthesizes somatostatin
Delta cells
34
Growth Hormone Diurnal Rhythm - Specific broad timeframe of day when growth hormone concentrations predictably exhibit their peak spikes
Afternoon to evening/night
35
Renal Reabsorption (Osmotic PCT) - Anatomical portion of the nephron and specific pathway type responsible for the major passive osmotic reabsorption of fluid
PCT via paracellular pathways
36
Renal Reabsorption (Osmotic Loop) - Specific energy-dependent co-transporter pump utilized in the loop of Henle for active solute transport
NKCC2 pump
37
Renal Reabsorption (Osmotic Loop Components) - Enumeration of the three distinct ionic components shifted across membranes by the active NKCC2 pump
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride
38
Water Reabsorption Regulation - Late nephron tubule structures and driving hormone abbreviation responsible for the tight regulation of water reabsorption
Late DCT and CT regulated by ADH
39
Antidiuretic Hormone Source - Exact paired nuclear structures within the hypothalamus where ADH is originally built before transport
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
40
Vascular Dynamics (Vasodilation) - Complete physiological pressure sequence caused by an increase in vessel diameter: Decreased TPR = __________
Decreased Blood Pressure
41
Vascular Pathology (Eclampsia) - Clinical pregnancy condition defined by a combination of dangerously high blood pressure and seizures
Eclampsia
42
Vascular Pathology (Eclampsia Treatment) - Specific chemical compound administered clinically to patients for seizure prophylaxis and neuroprotection during eclampsia
Magnesium Sulfate
43
Biochemical Composition - Specific chemical element found structurally within proteins containing cysteine and methionine amino acids
Sulfur
44
Osmolar Gaps Units - Standard volumetric measurement units used to express calculated anion gaps or osmolar gaps in clinical chemistry
mmol/L or mEq/L
45
Molarity Definition - Fundamental chemical expression defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of total solution
moles/L
46
Osmolar Gap Toxins - Complete enumeration of the "7 Toxins" or conditions that directly cause an elevated osmolar gap in a patient
Ethanol, Methanol, Isopropanol, Ethylene Glycol, Salicylic Acid, DKA, Uremia
47
Ethylene Glycol Metabolism - Specific crystalline structures formed in the urinary tract following the ingestion and metabolism of ethylene glycol
Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals
48
Salicylic Acid Overdose - Common over-the-counter pharmacological medication name associated with toxic salicylic acid ingestions
Aspirin
49
Diabetes Mellitus Glucosuria - Physiological mechanism term describing the spilling of glucose into the urine once the kidney's maximum reabsorption threshold is exceeded
Glucosuria
50
Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms - Clinical presentation term used to describe the profound, unquenchable thirst driven by osmotic diuretic water loss
Polydipsia
51
Diabetes Mellitus Fluid Status - Resulting concentration state of serum sodium and overall plasma osmolality during a severe acute glucose spike
Hyponatremia and hypoosmolar state
52
Diabetes Mellitus Urine Status - Resulting osmolality state of urine that is completely saturated with dumped glucose molecules
Hyperosmolar state
53
Hormone Characteristics (Steroid Synthesis) - Cellular organelle where fat-based steroid hormones are synthesized
Smooth ER
54
Hormone Characteristics (Peptide Nature) - Physical property regarding water affinity that always characterizes peptide hormones
Hydrophilic
55
Hormone Characteristics (Peptide Receptor Location) - Exact structural cellular location where peptide hormone receptors are embedded
Phospholipid bilayer cell membrane
56
Hormone Characteristics (Membrane Permeability) - Hormone classification that can pass directly through the cell membrane with no assistance needed
Steroid hormones
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Hormone Characteristics (Peptide Receptor Necessity) - Hormone classification that strictly requires cell surface receptors because they cannot easily pass through the membrane
Peptide hormones
58
Hormone Characteristics (Steroid Action Rate) - General speed and permanency characterization assigned to steroid hormone actions
Slow, permanent
59
Hormone Characteristics (Peptide Action Rate) - General speed and permanency characterization assigned to peptide hormone actions
Faster, temporary
60
Pituitary Hormones (Gamete Source) - Specific structures or cells from which mature sperm and egg arise
Gametes
61
Pituitary Hormones (Immature Gamete Form) - Structural term used to describe the immature form of sperm and egg
Follicle
62
Growth Hormone (Abundance) - Specific endocrine location where growth hormone is characterized as the most abundant hormone
Anterior Pituitary Gland (APG)
63
Growth Hormone (Main Stimulus) - Specific stage or depth of sleep that serves as the main stimulus for growth hormone release
NREM (Non-rapid eye movement) / DEEP SLEEP
64
Growth Hormone (Major Inhibitor) - Specific hormone identified as the major inhibitor of growth hormone
Somatostatin
65
Somatostatin Sources (Pancreatic Cells) - Specific endocrine cell type within the pancreas that produces somatostatin
Delta Cells of Pancreas
66
Somatostatin Sources (Anatomical Locations) - Enumeration of the three primary anatomical organs or regions that produce somatostatin
Pancreas, GUT, hypothalamus
67
Growth Hormone (Diurnal Variation) - Specific time range of day where growth hormone shows peak diurnal variation
Afternoon to night
68
Prolactin Clinical (Mammogram Finding) - Imaging artifact or physical state associated clinically with increased prolactin levels
Mammogram
69
Prolactin Regulation (Physical Stimulus) - Specific mechanical or localized tactile stimulus that increases prolactin
Nipple Touch
70
Prolactin Regulation (Dietary Stimulus) - Enumeration of the three specific foods listed that increase prolactin levels
Seashell Soup, Dates, & Apricots
71
Prolactin Inhibition (Dopamine Origin) - Two specific anatomical structures or glands that produce dopamine to regulate prolactin
Hypothalamus and adrenal medulla
72
Prolactin Pathology (Increased States) - Enumeration of the five reproductive or menstrual clinical cases where prolactin is increased
Ammenorhea, Metorrhaghea, Galactorrhea, Infertility, Menstrual irregularity
73
Prolactin Pathology (Amenorrhea Definition) - Definition of amenorrhea as seen in cases of increased prolactin
Absence of menstruation
74
Prolactin Pathology (Metorrhaghea Definition) - Definition of metorrhaghea as seen in cases of increased prolactin
More than 1 menstruation in a month
75
Posterior Pituitary (Oxytocin Origin) - Specific brain structure where oxytocin is originally produced before storage
Hypothalamus
76
Posterior Pituitary (Oxytocin Release) - Endocrine gland responsible for releasing and storing oxytocin
Posterior Pituitary Gland (PPG)
77
Oxytocin Function (Lactation) - Specific physiological breast reflex function mediated by oxytocin
Milk let-down reflex (lactation)
78
Oxytocin Function (Childbirth) - Specific structural muscle action mediated by oxytocin during childbirth to ease birthing
Rhythmic uterine contractions (childbirth)
79
Oxytocin Function (Maternal Bonding) - Specific interpersonal effect increased by oxytocin between mother and child
Increases the bond between mother and child
80
Oxytocin Function (Marital Bonding) - Specific relationship effect increased by oxytocin within a partnership
Relationship between husband and wife
81
Oxytocin Regulation (Physical Stimuli) - Enumeration of the two primary physical manipulation or tactile stimuli for oxytocin explicitly listed under its stimuli notes
Genital manipulation, nipple suck
82
Oxytocin Alias (Common Name) - Popular alternative designation given to oxytocin due to its behavioral roles
Love Hormone
83
Pineal Gland (Melatonin Stimulus) - Primary environmental condition or stimulus required for melatonin production
Dark
84
Pineal Gland (Size Trait) - Defining physical dimension characteristic of the pineal gland among endocrine organs
Smallest gland
85
Anterior Pituitary (MSH Stimulus) - Primary environmental condition or stimulus required for melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
Sunlight
86
Anterior Pituitary (MSH Origin) - Endocrine gland responsible for the production of Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Anterior Pituitary Gland (APG)
87
Tropic Hormones (Anterior Pituitary) - Enumeration of the four major tropic hormones produced by the Anterior Pituitary Gland
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
88
Tropic Target (ACTH) - Specific target organ and structural layer stimulated by Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Adrenal Cortex
89
Tropic Target (TSH) - Specific target gland stimulated by Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Thyroid
90
Tropic Targets (FSH and LH) - Two specific reproductive organs or gonads targeted by FSH and LH
Ovaries and testes
91
Tropic Products (Ovarian/Testicular) - Enumeration of the three end-product steroid hormones produced by the ovaries and testes
Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
92
Tropic Products (Adrenal Cortex) - Specific primary end-product hormone produced by the adrenal cortex under tropic stimulation
Cortisol
93
Tropic Products (Thyroid Gland) - Enumeration of the two active iodinated end-product hormones produced by the thyroid gland
T4 & T3
94
Non-Tropic Products (Anterior Pituitary) - Enumeration of the three non-tropic hormone products of the Anterior Pituitary Gland that act directly on tissue targets
GH, PRL, MSH
95
Non-Tropic Target (Prolactin) - Specific target tissue and end product listed for Prolactin (PRL) action
Breast milk
96
Parathyroid Pathology (Hypoparathyroidism Electrolytes) - Complete the blank for hypoparathyroidism electrolyte shifts: Ca __________, PO_4 __________
Ca , PO4
97
Parathyroid Pathology (Hyperparathyroidism 1^\circ Levels) - Directional status of PTH, Ca, Mg, and \text{PO}_4 in Primary (1^\circ) Hyperparathyroidism
PTH, Ca , Mg PO4
98
Grave's Disease (Clinical Features) - Enumeration of the four major clinical characteristics or physical signs of Grave's Disease
SLIM, Heat-intolerance, Fast metabolism, Exopthalmus
99
Grave's Disease (Exophthalmos Definition) - Physical description of the ocular manifestation known as exophthalmos
Bulging eyes
100
Hashimoto's Disease (Clinical Features) - Enumeration of the three major clinical characteristics or physical signs of Hashimoto's Disease
Obese, Slow metabolism, Cold-intolerance
101
Adrenal Hormones (Aldosterone Nephron Target) - Specific structural parts of the nephron where aldosterone effects sodium reabsorption
DCT & PCT
102
Adrenal Hormones (Cortisol Excretion Sites) - Specific structural locations within the renal tubules where calcium excretion occurs associated with cortisol notes
PCT, CT
103
Adrenal Medulla (Hormone Group) - Specific classification of hormones produced by the inner portion/adrenal medulla
Catecholamines
104
Adrenal Medulla (Anatomical Layer) - Specific relative layer position of the adrenal medulla within the adrenal gland
Inner portion
105
Adrenal Cortex (Anatomical Layer) - Specific relative layer position of the adrenal cortex within the adrenal gland
Outer coat
106
Zona Glomerulosa (Layer Position) - Specific relative histological position code assigned to the Zona glomerulosa
Outer outer
107
Zona Glomerulosa (Hormone Class) - Class of corticosteroid molecules produced by the Zona glomerulosa and its primary regulation role
Mineralocorticoid - salt regulation
108
Zona Glomerulosa (Major Hormone) - Specific principal mineralocorticoid hormone synthesized in the Zona glomerulosa
Aldosterone
109
Zona Fasciculata (Layer Position) - Specific relative histological position code assigned to the Zona fasciculata
Middle outer
110
Zona Fasciculata (Hormone Class) - Class of corticosteroid molecules produced by the Zona fasciculata and its primary regulation role
Glucocorticoids - sugar regulation
111
Zona Fasciculata (Major Hormone) - Specific principal glucocorticoid hormone synthesized in the Zona fasciculata
Cortisol
112
Zona Reticularis (Layer Position) - Specific relative histological position code and proximity note assigned to the Zona reticularis
Inner outer, nearest to the medulla
113
Zona Reticularis (Hormone Class) - Class of steroid molecules produced by the Zona reticularis and its primary developmental role
Androgens - sexual maturation hormones
114
Zona Reticularis (Major Hormone) - Specific principal androgen hormone synthesized within the adrenal cortex
Testosterone
115
Reproductive Hormones (Menarche) - Definition of the reproductive milestone term menarche
1 menstrual period
116
Reproductive Hormones (Ovarian Steroids) - Enumeration of the two primary steroid hormones produced by the ovaries
Progesterone & Estrogen
117
Reproductive Hormones (Beta-HCG Target) - Specific temporary placental structure stimulated by Beta-HCG to produce progesterone
Corpus luteum of the placenta
118
Reproductive Hormones (HPL Pathology) - Specific clinical metabolic condition linked to increased levels of Human Placenta Lactogen (HPL)
Gestational DM
119
Reproductive Hormones (HPL Function) - Specific physiological function influenced by Human Placenta Lactogen (HPL) besides glucose regulation
Influences Lactation
120
Euthyroidism (Biochemical Definition) - Complete laboratory criteria profile that defines biochemical euthyroidism
TSH, free thyroxine, and T3-normal; without thyroid disease
121
Euthyroidism (Clinical Definition) - Definition of a patient presenting with clinical euthyroidism
Patient who is euthyroid but may not have a perfectly normal biochemical profile
122
Euthyroidism (Clinical Physical vs Lab) - Discrepancy observed between physical examination and biochemical profiles in clinical euthyroidism
Physical examination: normal but biochemically there is something wrong
123
Thyroid Pathology (ESS Full Name) - Complete medical phrase represented by the acronym ESS
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
124
Thyroid Pathology (ESS Lab Characteristics) - True thyroid functional status and hormone level behavior that defines Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
Thyroid hormone levels are abnormally low but the individual is not truly hypothyroid
125
Thyroid Pathology (ESS Etiologies) - Enumeration of the two primary non-thyroidal systemic physical insults that cause ESS
Severe Trauma or Sepsis
126
Thyroid Pathology (ESS Hormones) - Specific status of T3 and T4 levels observed in individuals presenting with Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
T3 & T4 Low
127
Pituitary Pathology (Sheehan's Cause) - Specific abnormal obstetric placental implantation state listed as a common cause of Sheehan's syndrome
Placenta previa
128
Pituitary Pathology (Placenta Previa Definition) - Definition of placenta previa provided in the clinical notes
Placenta tends to go down which covers the cervix making you prone to bleeding
129
Pituitary Pathology (Sheehan's Pituitary Effects) - Two specific destructive structural changes that happen to the pituitary gland during Sheehan's syndrome
Pituitary infarct, Pituitary necrosis
130
Pituitary Pathology (Sheehan's Hemorrhagic Sequence) - Structural degradation pathway sequence triggered by excessive blood loss/hemorrhage
Excessive blood loss (hemorrhage) = Low blood flow = hypoxia, anoxia, ischemia, necrosis, infarct
131
Adrenal Pathology (Cushing's Lipid Deposition) - Enumeration of the three specific anatomical locations where TAGs are deposited in Cushing's Disease
Face, Abdomen, Nape
132
Adrenal Pathology (Cushing's Deposition Signs) - Enumeration of the three hallmark physical presentation names resulting from local TAG deposition
MOON FACE (face), Buffalo hump (nape), Abdominal striae (abdomen)
133
Phenotypic Alterations (Klinefelter's Phrase) - Descriptive shortcut phrase used to characterize a Klinefelter's Syndrome patient's appearance
Boy who looks like a Girl
134
Phenotypic Alterations (CAH Phrase) - Descriptive shortcut phrase used to characterize a Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia patient's appearance
Girl who looks like a Boy
135
Adrenal Pathology (CAH Full Name) - Complete medical phrase represented by the acronym CAH
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
136
Adrenal Pathology (CAH Hormone Profile) - Complete triad hormone profile that defines Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Low cortisol, Low ald, High testosterone
137
Adrenal Pathology (CAH Enzyme Defect) - Primary classification of enzyme deficiency that causes Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Hydroxylase deficiency
138
Adrenal Pathology (Pheochromocytoma Definition) - Definitive classification of the tumor localized to the adrenal medulla
Tumor of adrenal medulla
139
Adrenal Pathology (Carcinoid Markers) - Enumeration of the two primary diagnostic chemical or neurotransmitter markers associated with Carcinoid Tumors
5-HIAA, Serotonin
140
Adrenal Pathology (Carcinoid Tumor Synonyms) - Enumeration of the two alternative histological names used for Carcinoid Tumors
Enterochromaffinoma, Argentaffinoma
141
Adrenal Pathology (Carcinoid Diet Interference) - Enumeration of the three specific fruits that cause a false increase in carcinoid tumor markers
Pineapples, Bananas, Tomatoes
142
HCG Detection Timeline - Exact timeframe during gestation when Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) first becomes detectable in laboratory assays
11 days after conception
143
HCG Peak Interval - Chronological milestone interval when circulating maternal HCG concentrations reach their absolute peak levels
60-70 days after conception
144
HCG Concentration Decline - Specific gestational week range when maternal HCG levels begin a predictable, steady physiologic fall
Week 17-24 of pregnancy
145
Reproductive Hormones (Testes) - Primary physical or developmental roles explicitly listed for testosterone and male reproductive hormones
Development of maleeproductive organs & secondary sex characteristics at 21 years old
146
Estrogen Variants (E_1) - Common medical name identifying the specific estrogen variant designated shortform as E_1
Estrone
147
Estrogen Variants (E_1 Status) - Specific clinical patient population characterized by a distinct physiologic increase in circulating Estrone (E_1)
Postmenopausal women
148
Estrogen Variants (E_2) - Common medical name identifying the specific estrogen variant designated shortform as E_2
Estradiol
149
Estrogen Variants (E_2 Status) - Specific clinical patient population characterized by a distinct physiologic increase in circulating Estridial (E_2)
Premenopausal women
150
Estrogen Variants (E_3) - Common medical name identifying the specific estrogen variant designated shortform as E_3
Estriol
151
Estrogen Variants (E_3 Status) - Specific clinical state and structural source associated with highly elevated Estriol (E_3) production
Pregnancy (placenta)
152
Hypothalamic Regulators (Inhibitory) - Specific neurohormone secreted by the hypothalamus that serves primarily to turn down or prevent hormone release
PRL-inhibiting hormone
153
Hypothalamic Regulators (Alternative Alias) - Common alternative biochemical naming designation assigned to Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
Dopamine
154
Hypothalamic Regulators (Stimulatory) - Enumeration of the two primary stimulatory hypothalamic factors that drive downstream pituitary secretion lines
Oxytocin, ADH (AVP) / PRF-releasing factor
155
Hypothalamic Regulators (PIF Name) - Complete medical phrase represented by the physiological acronym PIF within hypothalamic control pathways
Prolactin Inhibitory Factor
156
Thyroid Carrier Proteins (TBG Core) - Complete medical name for the principal carrier protein that binds approximately 70-75% of total circulating T_4 and T_3
Thyroxine-binding globulin
157
Thyroid Carrier Proteins (TBG Former Name) - Historical laboratory name previously used to identify Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
Thyroxine-binding prealbumin
158
Thyroid Carrier Proteins (TBG Shorthand) - Specific four-letter acronym listed directly on the notes text for thyroxine-binding prealbumin
TBPA
159
Thyroid Carrier Proteins (TTR Alternative) - Alternative carrier protein written as an acronym abbreviation that specifically binds 10-15% of circulating T_4
TTR (Transthyretin)
160
Thyroid Carrier Proteins (TTR Selectivity) - Specific iodinated thyroid hormone molecule targeted with a significantly higher binding affinity by Transthyretin (TTR)
Total T4
161
Thyroid Carrier Proteins (Albumin Abundance) - Specific feature characterization regarding abundance and affinity assigned to serum albumin within thyroid transport dynamics
Most abundant protein in the blood but has the lowest affinity for thyroid hormones
162
Thyroid Carrier Proteins (Albumin Fraction) - Exact quantitative percentage range of circulating T_4 bound directly to serum albumin
15-20% of total T4
163
Thyroid Carrier Proteins (Free T_4 Proportion) - Approximate physiological percentage value of circulating total thyroxine (T_4) that remains completely unbound or free
0.03% of total T4
164
Thyroid Carrier Proteins (Free T_3 Proportion) - Approximate physiological percentage value of circulating total triiodothyronine (T_3) that remains completely unbound or free
0.3% of total T3
165
Thyroid Function Panel Components - Enumeration of the four standard biochemical test measurements that comprise common thyroid panels
T3, T4, TSH, TRH
166
Thyroid Lab Profiling (Primary Hyperthyroidism) - Specific expected laboratory combination tracking of TSH, T_3/T_4, and diagnostic autoantibodies in Primary Hyperthyroidism
TSH: Decreased; T3/T4/FT4: Increased; Markers: Anti-TSH receptor (TRAb), TSI
167
Thyroid Lab Profiling (Grave's Disease Signs) - The specific condition listed alongside primary hyperthyroidism that may uniquely present with positive TSI markers
Grave's Disease
168
Thyroid Lab Profiling (Primary Hypothyroidism) - Specific expected laboratory combination tracking of TSH, T_3/T_4, and diagnostic autoantibodies in Primary Hypothyroidism
TSH: Increased; T3/T4/FT4: Decreased; Markers: Anti-TPO, Anti-thyroglobulin, Anti-microsomal
169
Thyroid Lab Profiling (Hashimoto's Disease) - The specific underlying condition listed alongside primary hypothyroidism that presents with Anti-TPO and Anti-microsomal antibodies
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
170
Thyroid Lab Profiling (Secondary Hypothyroidism) - Specific expected laboratory combination tracking of TSH and T_3/T_4 when pituitary dysfunction drives thyroid failure
TSH: Decreased; T3/T4/FT4: Decreased; Markers: TSH-producing pituitary adenoma (TRH)
171
Thyroid Lab Profiling (Subacute Thyroiditis) - Specific laboratory trend and inflammation marker behavior that characterizes the early stages of subacute thyroiditis
TSH: Early Decreased, then Increased (biphastic); T3/T4/FT4: 1 Increased then Decreased (biphastic); Markers: Often post-viral, Increased ESR, mild Anti-TPO
172
Thyroid Lab Profiling (T3 Thyrotoxicosis) - Specialized thyroid clinical profile variant where total T_4 stays baseline normal while free T_3 spikes out of range
Hyperthyroid variant; TSH: Decreased; T3/T4/FT4: Increased T3, Normal T4; Markers: May show positive TSI
173
RAAS Actions (Arterioles) - Precise anatomical action or narrowing that occurs specifically at the afferent and efferent arteriole branches during RAAS activation
Constricts the afferent arteriole and constricts the efferent arteriole
174
RAAS Actions (Sodium Reabsorption) - Exact early anatomical site within the nephron tubule structure where sodium reabsorption is directly stimulated by RAAS pathways
Proximal convoluted tubule
175
RAAS Actions (Adrenal Cortex Activation) - Specific structural layer section within the adrenal gland cortex targeted by systemic triggers to release aldosterone
Zona glomerulosa
176
RAAS Actions (Aldosterone Mechanism) - Dual ion transport consequence mediated by aldosterone within the distal tubule and collecting ducts: Causes sodium __________ and potassium __________
sodium retaining reabsorption and potassium excretion
177
RAAS Actions (Antidiuretic Hormone) - Exact distal anatomical structures within the kidney tubules targeted by ADH to execute systemic water retention
Collecting duct and DCT
178
Cushing's Disease vs Syndrome (Etiology) - Definitive causal mechanism location discrepancy that structurally differentiates Cushing's Disease from Cushing's Syndrome
Cushing's Disease: Tumor (Adenoma) in Pituitary Gland / APG (Increased ACTH); Cushing's Syndrome: Problem in Adrenal Gland (Primary Adrenal tumor)
179
Cushing's Disease Profile - Specific structural status tracking of Cortisol, Aldosterone, and ACTH levels inside a true Cushing's Disease patient
Cortisol: Increased; Ald/Testosterone: Increased; ACTH: Increased
180
Cushing's Syndrome Profile - Specific structural status tracking of Cortisol, Aldosterone, and ACTH levels inside a primary Cushing's Syndrome patient
Cortisol: Increased; Ald/Testosterone: Increased; ACTH: Decreased
181
Glucocorticoid Rhythm - Standard diurnal timeframe pattern when circulating human cortisol levels reach their highest physiological spikes vs lowest drops
Diurnal: 6-8 AM (Peak) / 10 PM-12 AM (Trough)
182
Glucocorticoid Pathology (Cushing's Rhythm) - Diagnostic behavior shift seen in cortisol rhythm cycles during clinical hypercortisolism tracking across afternoon/evening hours
Cortisol level in the afternoon and evening: remains elevated
183
Cortisol Functions - Triad profile of core systemic metabolic or physiological actions driven directly by active cortisol signaling
Gluconeogenesis (hyperglycemia), Anti-inflammatory, and Immunosuppressive
184
Cortisol Function (Inhibition) - The single primary hormone exception whose baseline systemic secretion remains completely uninhibited by active cortisol actions
ACTH (non-feedback mechanism)
185
Cortisol Screening Assays - Enumeration of the three primary first-line baseline screening laboratory tests utilized to confirm clinical hypercortisolism
M- Midnight Salivary Cortisol; U- Urinary free cortisol; D- Overnight low-dose dexamethasone sup test (1mg)
186
Cortisol Confirmatory Testing - Enumeration of the three high-tier formal confirmatory laboratory diagnostic procedures performed to locate a cortisol defect source
1. Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (0.5mg); 2. Midnight plasma cortisol; 3. CRH stimulation test
187
Virilization Signs (Hirsutism) - Detailed clinical presentation definition used to identify the pathological state of hirsutism in females
Excessive male-pattern hair growth in females, especially facial; caused by androgen excess
188
Virilization Signs (Virilization) - Complete definition detailing the broader physical virilization phenotypic transition within affected female individuals
Enlargement of breast tissue in males / prevents menstruation by maintaining the endometrium in a secretory phase
189
Hormonal Pathology (Luteal Phase Defect) - Destructive clinical outcome caused by inadequate luteal phase hormone support or premature corpus luteum decay
Can lead to infertility due to inadequate luteal-phase support; may cause miscarriage due to failure to maintain endometrial lining
190
Hormonal Pathology (Precocious Puberty) - Precise developmental milestone timing change and downstream bone structural consequence defining precocious puberty
Abnormally early onset of secondary sexual characteristics; can cause premature bone fusion and short-adult stature
191
Turner Syndrome Genetics - Specific numeric and structural sex chromosome karyotype classification that causes Turner Syndrome in female patients
45,X Karyotype in females
192
Turner Syndrome Clinical Triad - Enumeration of the three hallmark physical presentation features or signs that identify a Turner Syndrome patient upon examination
Short stature, webbed neck, and primary amenorrhea
193
Sheehan's Syndrome Definition - Definitive underlying pathology description that causes postpartum panhypopituitarism following profound obstetric delivery complications
Postpartum pituitary necrosis due to severe hemorrhage
194
Sheehan's Syndrome Clinical Signs - Quadrad presentation profile of hallmark systemic dysfunctions or signs experienced by an affected mother following Sheehan's onset
Panhypopituitarism, amenorrhea, fatigue, and inability to lactate
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