A-level Computer Science Paper 1

Base 16, from 0-9 to A-F

- In MAC and IP Addresses
- Represent Colours in HTML
- In error messages and memory dumps

Kibi (Ki) = 1024 bytes
Mebi (Mi) = 1024 KiB
Gibi (Gi) = 1024 MiB
Tebi (Ti) = 1024 GiB

Kilo (k) = 1000 bytes
Mega (M) = 1000 Kb
Giga (G) = 1000 Mb
Tera (T) = 1000 Gb

Each character is represented by a 4-bit binary number
example (19 in BCD): - 00011001
- 0001 (= 1) 1001 (= 9)
- 19

- Used to represent numbers in calculators and counters
- Allows you to accurately measure fractions
- Electronically code decimal numbers

ASCII, Extended ASCII, Unicode

American Standard Code for Information Interchange
- 128 characters
- Only from the English language
- 7 bits

- 256 characters
- Most European langauges including English
- 8 bits

- 10,000 characters
- variety of languages
- current standard
- 32 bits

The smalles unit of area in an image representing a single colour

Contains data about the image
- Size
- Resolution
- Colour depth
- Number of colours

The number of pixels displayed by a screen at a time

The number of bits used to represent each colour

Image size = Image resolution x Bit/Colour depth

- Reducing bit depth, fewer bits used to store each pixel in an image
- Reducing colour palette, less colours and therefore less bits per pixel
- Reduced image resolution, fewer pixels per unit area so less space is needed

Using Run Length Encoding (RLE), looks for a seires of consecutive pixels that store the same colour, indexes the colour and the number of times it occurs.

A series of Geometric shapes made with mathematical formulas

- Can be scaled without losing quality as it gets recalculated.
- Relatively small file size, stores equations not pixels.

The number of bits used to store each sample.
- Larger values mean more accurate reconstruction of sound but higher file size (more bits used to store the sound)

Sound size = sampling rate x sampling resolution x time

Continous real-world data

Discrete electrical data

The reduction of file size

- Reduces transfer time
- Saves bandwidth
- Saves storage space

Lossy and Lossless

File size compression where original data is lost and cannot be recovered

- smaller file size than lossless
- Useful for when significant size reduction is needed
- Significant loss in quality

File size compression where original data is not lost and can be recovered

- Maintains quality
- useful when all original data needs to be recovered

Devices that are inter-connected and communicate between each other.

- Easily transfer data, like files between devices
- Devices can share resources, such as hardware, printers, or same software
- Store data in drives connected to the network

Local Are Network (LAN) and Wider Area Network (WAN)

- Small geographical region
- Private ownership
- Wi-Fi, Copper, and Coaxial mediums
- High speed
- Low congestion

- Large geographical region
- Private/Public ownership
- PSTN or satellite mediums
- Low speed
- High congestion

The server stores all the data and performs the tasks requewsted by the client

client (sends request) --> server (returns results) --> client (receives results)

e.g:
- web pages
- emails
- company storing files on central server
- print/file/email server

Pros:
- Increases security as only the server has higher privileges
- Increased performance of individuals computers
- Central management of data and software so there is always a backup and each device has consistent software
Cons:
- All operations depend on the main server, if server is down then the others are down too
- Difficult to scale and expensive
- Speed of networks decreases exponentially based on the number of devices connected.

Provides input to the server and receives an output from the server

Carriest out some processing on its own before/after sending/receiving data to the server

All devices on the netwrok are of equal status, each computer has access to all the data and resources of another device, thus each device is responsible for its own safety.

Pros:
- setup cost is cheap
- each device has complete access to any device on t he network
- no central server dependancy
Cons:
- reduced security, vulnerable to viruses from other devices on the network
- reduced performance, other devices might also be attempting to access data on a device.
- no central backup of files, if one computer has data and loses it, they all lose access to it.

The way devices are connected on a network:
- Bus
- Star
- Mesh
- Hybrid

All devices connected to a central cable, has terminators at the end
- Only onecommunication can take place at a time
- Data terminators are needed to prevent a network crash from data collision

All devices connected to a central switch / router via its own route
- No collisions can occur and data can be sent out simultaneously
- You can use hub instead of switch but its slower

All devices on a network are connected to each other
- The internet itself is an example of mesh topology

A combination of topologies used together

Applications and services that deliver over the internet. A third party hosts the data for the user that they can then use. Can exist for public, where it can be used by anyone online, and private use, where it is made specifically for use by a company

Pros:
- Free for small quantities
- Can access data from anywhere if you have internet
- Likely better security and recovery options
Cons:
- Internet access is required to acces it
- Long upload and download time limits access to data
- No control over security and backups

- Wired
- Twisted pair / Copper cable
- Fiber-optic cable
- Wierless
- Radio waves
- Micro waves
- Satellites

Twisted pair of copper wires that carry data as electrical signals

Glass/Plastic cables that rely on total internal reflection to transmit data as light

- Slow
- Travels short distances; needs repeaters
- Higher risk of interference
- Less safe (lower security)
- High durability
- Low price

- Fast
- Travels long distances
- Low risk of interference
- Safe (better security)
- Low durability
- High price

An electromagnetic wave that carries data wirelessly; Wi-Fi

An electromagnetic wave that is used to communicate with satellites

A communication device that orbits the Earth and sends / receives data

- Cheap
- Other radio waves are its obstacles
- Travels long distances
- Lower size

- Expensive
- Physical objects are its obstacles
- Travels shorter distances
- High size

- Expensive
- High risk of obstacles
- Travels long distances
- High size

- Switch
- Server
- Network Interface Card (NIC)
- Wireless Network Interface Card (WNIC)
- Wireless Access Point (WAP)
- Cables
- Bridge
- Repeater

Connects all devices on a network and simultaneously brodcasts information to those devices

A specialized high-speed computer that handles requests from clients or other computers on the network

- A hardware component that provides each device a unique MAC address so that it can be identified on a wrieless network.
- It provides an interface by acting as an antenna to a Wi-Fi network. It receives analogue radio waves that it decodes and converts into digital data, and it sends signal data, that it encrypts and converts into analogue waves, via the antenna.
- It checks incoming transmissions to check if they match the device's IP / MAC address and ignores them if they're not.

It allows devices to connect to the network wirelessly that is usually built into a router; such as Wi-Fi

Physical means of sending and receiving data on a network

A device that interconnects two or more LANs together and forwards data packets

A network device that amplifies or regenerates a signal to prevent it from being lost or corrupted

- Connects two networks that rely on similar protocols
- Can be used to segment a network

- Connects two networks that rely on different protocols

- Connect two or more networks
- Receive packets and redirect them to the destination using the IP of the destination
- Assign private IPs

- Maintain a table of MAC and IP addresses
- Assign private IPs to a device on a network
- Routes packets to their destination but doesn not direct packets to each device attached to it
- To receive packets from devices or the Internet

- The most common form of wired connection used in LAN and WAN that is based on Bus topology.
- Due to this it is possible for data collisions to occur, hence a Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is used.
- A workstation listens to the communication channel; when it receives a request first it will check if the line is empty, if empty sends data.
- If a collision occurs because both devices checked if the line was empty at the same time, then the workstation will send an abort signal and the data will be sent back. A random wait time is assigned to eahc device before resending

- Faster
- More stable
- More secure
- Restricted movement
- High cabling
- Difficult to expand

- Slower
- Less stable
- Less secure
- Free movement
- Less cabling
- Easy to expand

- Modem
- Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN)
- Dedicated lines
- Cell phone network

A device that allows users to connect to the internet via telephone line; converts analogue signals into digital signals.

Full duplex form of communication over wire via circuit swtiching that remains active during power outages

A permanent connection for communication that is expensive but faster and more secure/consistent

A wireless connection that relies on mobile connection and cell towers that use radio waves

- A video is compressed and is then sent as a continuous stream of bits. When it is downloaded the server sends the data to the buffer which then sends a continuous stream of data to the user
- Higher bit-rate speed and broadband speed means users can stream the video faster and with less buffering

- Real time
- On demand

Used when watching a live stream of events that are currently taking place. The event is captured live with a video camera connected to a computer, and it cannot be paused or rewound.

Used when watching an event that has taken place in the past. Existing media are encoded to bit streaming format and uploaded to a server. It can be paused and rewound.

• Temporal - Sequence of consecutive pixels have the same value on a frame
• Spatial - Sequence of consecutive pixels between frames have the same value

A collection of websites that are available on the internet. When you access a website, you are using both the internet and the world wide web because the website is stored on WWW but the internet provides the necessary infrastructure.

- The unique address that identifies a device a network and to allow router to send data from the internet to the device.
- It has two formats:
• IPv4
• IPv6

- 4 groups
- Group range: 0-255
- Separator = .
- Size is 32 bits
- Example : 192.168. 1.1

- 8 groups
- Group range = 0-65535
- Separator = :
- Size is 64 bits
- Example : fe80:d4a8:6435:d2d8:d9f3b11

- Public
- Private
- Static
- Dynamic

Assigned by the IP visible on the internet, must be unique on the internet.

Only the router has a public IP address, devices on the netwrok do not as all data passes through the router, which also protects the device from external threats.

Assigned by the router that is visible to devices on the network, must be unique on that specific network.

Remains constant, whenever a device connects to the internet. Webpages need Satatic IP addresses so the DNS does not need to be updated everytime which can cause delays and errors.

A new IP address is allocated every time a device connects to the internet.

Dividing a network into smaller groups

- Reduces traffic
- More secure

Uniform Resource Locator, easier way to remember IP addresses for websites.

- example: Duck.com = 52.250.42.157

Domain Name Server, the DNS looks up the URL within a table, if it finds the corresponding IP address, it's then returned to the client. If it's unable to find it, the request is forwarded to a higher DNS.

- Non-volatile
- Slow write speed
- Stores basic information that a device needs to operate / boot
- Stores information that does not change or needs to be retained even when the device is turned off

- Programmable ROM (PROM)
- Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
- Electronically Erasble Programmable ROM (EEPROM)

A ROM chip that is initially empty but can be written to once

A PROM chip that can be erased by using a UV light to heat up the circuit. Can be overwritten may times. EPROM needs to be completely erased before overwriting.

An EEPROM chip that can be erased electronically using voltage. It is a type of flash memory that means it can be rewritten quickly and many times. EEPROM can be partially erased and overwritten.

Volatile with fast read and write speed that stores the current program in use

- Static RAM (SRAM)
- Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

A type of RAM in which data remains constant if power is supplied. It is commonly used as CPU cashe and buffers due to its low storage capacity. Transistors are arranged as flip flops.

A type of RAM that stores each bit on a capacitor and therefore needs to be constantly refreshed. DRAM is used for personal computers and webserves as it's cheaper. Transistors are arranged as capacitors.

ROM:
- Uses MBs
- Non-volatile
- Slower

RAM:
- Uses GBs
- Volatile
- Fast

DRAM:
- Cheap
- Slow
- Low power use
- Low heat produced
- High capacity

SRAM:
- Expensive
- Fast
- High poer use
- High heat produced
- Low capacity

-A hard disk has one or more platters mounted on a spindle.
-The platter is divided into concentric tracks and sectors.
- It is spun at a very fast speed.
- A read and write head is mounted on an arm above the surface.
- The data is encoded as magnetic patterns.

- Blocks of transistors are arranged in a grid with two transistors at each intersection; the floating gate and the control gate.
- Memory cells stores 0s and 1s.
- Movement of electrons is controlled for read and write operations.

A temporary storage usually in the RAM that is used due to speed incompatibility between devices. Such as a video buffer when steaming videos.

An integrated system with microprocessor within a larger system that performs one specific task.

Pros:
- Compactandfast
- Consumes less power and is very reliable
- Cheap

Cons:
- Tedious and difficult to upgrade
- Time needed to maintain it
- Hard to backup
- Not easily changed by device’s owner

- Laser Printer
- 3D Printer
- Microphone
- Speaker
- Optical Disc Reader
- Touch Screen

- The drum is positively charged.
- As it rotates it is hit by a laser in certain areas to remove the positive charge and make it negative.
- The drum is coated with a positively charged toner which sticks to the negative area.
- As a piece of paper is rolled in, the toner sticks to it.
- The ink is melted so that it continues to stick to the paper even after charge is removed.

- A 3D design is made using CAD. The design is split into layers that are transmitted one by one to the printer.
- The printer head can move in all cardinal directions squirting out material. This is repeated for every layer.
- After that it needs to be cured; either by removing excess material or letting the material dry/harden.

- As sound is passed into the diaphragm is vibrates.
- The diaphragm is connected to a circuit where the vibrations cause a change in the electrical signal.
- The analogue signal is then converted into a digital signal by an ADC.

The digital signal is converted by a DAC.
- The analogue signal is then sent as current to a speaker. The current passes through the coil creating an electromagnet, which is attached to the diaphragm.
Changes in the sound affect the direction of the current. The electromagnet is constantly being attacked / repelled by a permanent magnet causing the diaphragm to vibrate and produce sound.

A headset contains two eye pieces which display images from a controlling system; when looked through simulates being in a 3D environment.
When the user moves their head or uses the controlling device they can move and look around in the environment

Sensors are input devices that provide data based on real-word data.
- Temperature
- Infrared
- Pressure
- Sound
Actuators are used in tandem with sensors, they provide the output.

- Monitoring
- Controlling

A system where sensors are used to detect changes, they cannot resolve the issue itself.
e.g, if a temperature gets too high, it will turn on a red light. Human intervention is needed

A system where sensors are used to detect changes and resolve the issue.
e.g, if a temperature gets too high, it will turn on the air conditioning. No human intervention is needed

1. Contents of PC are copied to MAR
2. PC is incrimented by 1
3. MAR fetches data at given address and loads into the MDR
4. Contents of MDR copied to CIR
5. Instructions are decoded by CPU; executed by CIR
6. Cycle repeats.

Temporary storage of data that needs to be or has been processed

- Program Counter (PC)
- Memory Data Register (MDR)
- Memory Address Register (MAR)
- Current Instruction Register (CIR)
- Index Register (IX)
- Accumulator (ACC)
- Status Register (SR)

Stores address of the next instruction to be fetched

Stores data received from Memory.

Stores address where data needs that needs to be fetched is located then sent to MDR.

Stores data received from MDR

Stores a value that is used to calculate an address.

Stores values temporarily after an execution of instruction by the ALU

Contains independant bits/flags; each flag is set based on an event

Carries out arithmetic and logical operations like input and output; part of the processor

Sends & receives signals to control operations like input and output; helps coordinate actions of different components

A memory unit that is directly accessed by the processor

Generates the timing signals that synchronises the components on the motherboard

- Processor type and number of cores
- Cache Memory
- Bus Width
- Clock Speed

Each instruction is executed on a single clock pulse; the faster the clock speed, the more instructions that can be executed per second.

The number of directly addressable memory locations to transfer data between.

Stores frequently / recently used information so that it can be quickly accessed

Connects through USB port (on PC) for input and output devices,
(bi-directional data transfer, meaning can read and write data on USB drive)

Only connects to output devices,
- Unidirectional port
- Allows transmission of video transissions; no audio

Only connects to output devices
- Transmit high-bandwidth&resolution video and audio streams through HDMI ports.

Bidirectional bus that carries data instructions between CPU, memory, and I/O devices

Unidirectional bus that address of main memory location or I/O device aout to be used, from CPU to MAR

- Bidirectional & Unidirectional
- Tranmits control signals from Control Unit (CU) to memory (RAM) or I/O devices to initiate data transfer

A signal from a program seeking processors attention.
- Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)
- Handles interrupts by controlling the processor
- Different ISRs used for different sources of interrupt.

A low-level programming language with instructions made up of Opcodes and Operands

- Immediate
- Direct
- Indirect
- Indexed
- Relative

Operand is the value used in the instruction
(LDM, LDR)

Loads contents from the address into the ACC
(LDD, STO)

The address to be used is at given address; load contents of this second address to ACC
(LDI, CMI)

The address to be used is from the number in the IX added to the operand address.
(LDX)

When Instuction to be used is in an 'offset' from the address, used to allow for relocatable code as all addresses are base + offset.
(No operand)
e.g block of memory starts from address 100, instruction: "LDD 16", Loads contents of address 116 to accumulator.

A piece of system software that facillitates communication between the user and hardware

- Provide a means of communication between hardware and user
- Provide an environment for the execution of software
- Manage system resources

- Memory management
- File management
- Security management
- Hardware (input/ouput) management
- Processor management
- Error detection and management
- User interface
-Utility Software

- Allocates memory to processes when they need to run
- Releases memory when a process stops so that it can be recycled and reused
- Makes use of virtual memory when the main memory is under struggle due to a small capacity
- Controls movement of data to/from RAM
- Memory protection to make sure that 2 programs do not use the space

- Allocates space to a given file
- Allows use of copy, paste, cut, delete, open, close and create.
- Maintains and creates directory structure
- Provides file naming conventions like it cannot contain illegal characters like ‘/’
- Provides access rights to prevent certain users on the device from accessing the files

- Performs automatic backups in case of accidental deletions
- Sets up user accounts and implements access rights per user like ‘Administrator’
- Provides a system restore when needed by the user
- Authenticates the username and passwords of the different accounts on the device

- Handles the interrupts and signals sent to/from device including the device buffer
- Automatically installs necessary drivers when the device is plugged in
- Sends control signals to manipulate the device, e.g start printing a document

- Manages the scheduling of different tasks in order to allow for multitasking
- Prevents interferences between different processes such as over resources
- Manages resources which the process requires

- Handles interrupts
- Provides safe mode boot up in case of a major error
- Provides error diagnostic messages and reports on system health
- Saves system restore points

- Allows the user to communicate with the hardware by providing a CLI or GUI
- Provides facility for the user to input and output data to/from the hardware

Software installed by default on every computer:
- Disk formatter
- Virus checker
- Defragmentation software
- Disk repair and analysis software
- File compression
- Backup software

prepares the hard disk for its initial use by creating logical partitions usually on a previously used disk.

Scans files stored on the system; files that newly enter the system for malicious code; scans on regular schedule; If a file is found it can be quarantined and deleted.

Reorganises individual files on the system; ensures they're stored in contiguous blocks to speed up access times

Scans the disk for corrupt / bad sectors and marks them as unusable. It will resolve any errors and provide reports to the user

Reduces the size of the file to optimize storage space by using an algorithm such as RLE, which can be lossy or lossless.

Creates copies of the content of the disk usually on schedule. Allows the user to decide what data is stored and when needed allows the user to restore the saved data

A collection of pre-written code

- Saves time as you can refer to the library instead of writing the code yourself
- Allows you to perform complex tasks without needing to understand how it works
- It has been thoroughly tested so you can use it without error checking

- A collection of self-contained programs that have already been compiled. These are linked to the main program for execution
- Library program’s code is separate from the .exe file which means the library
file is loaded at run time when it's needed
- Can be used by multiple programs at the same time and it can be
automatically be updated

pros:
- Only loaded when needed so that means the executable’s size can be smaller
- Changes made to the DLL are separate from the executable so it does not need to be recompiled and it can be updated automatically
- Saves time as you can refer to the library instead of writing the code yourself
- Allows you to perform complex tasks without needing to understand how it works
- It has been thoroughly tested so you can use it without error checking
cons:
- Executable will not work if the DLL is corrupt
- External changes to the DLL could cause the executable to stop working
- The DLL needs to be present for the executable to work

A software that is used to convert higher level programming languages to a different form, usually machine code
- Compiler
- Interpreter
- Assembler

Translates assembly language statements into machine code (binary) for execution
- The mnemonics used translates into machine opcodes
- Process is simple because assembly language has a 1:1 relationship with machine code

An interpreter requires the source code to be present when it reads line by line and stops whenever there is an error
+ Allows for easier debugging; errors are outputted one at a time whenever they are encountered

It reads the entire program and reports all errors in the end.
+ Produces an executable file allowing for redistribution without the source
+ Programs can be interpreted on different platforms
- Extra CPU resources may be needed as program needs to be interpreted on the user's device which may run slowly

An IDE is a software that helps programmers work more efficiently. They come bundled with many features

- Context sensitive prompts that auto complete what you are typing based on what has been typed out
- Dynamic syntax checking which highlights all syntax errors for you
- Pretty print which uses colors and automatic indentation to make the code more presentable
- Breakpoints which allow you to pause the program at certain points in execution to ensure line by line that everything is working
- Report window which outputs the contents of variables and data structures
- Single stepping which executes one line of code and stops

Prevents accidental or malicious data loss

Prevents unauthorized access to data

Ensures data is accurate and up to date; validation andverification

A method of checking if the data entered is valid but not accurate

- Range Check
- Format Check
- Length Check
- Prescence Check
- Existence Check
- Check digit

A number value must be within a certain range
e.g, 1-100

Data must match a given format
e.g, DD/MM/YY

The length of the data value
i.e, the number of characters is fixed

Data must not be left empty

Data must exist
i.e. if you are inputting a file name that file needs to exist

An arithmetic operation carried out on the given input and the data must match the answer
i.e. international standard book number (ISBN)

A method of checking that data is the same as the original during entry and transfer

- Entry
o Visual check / Proofreading
o Double entry
- Transfer
o Checksum
o Parity Check

Data must be manually compared by the user to ensure it is correct

Data must be entered twice and then both inputs are compared to each othe

Data entered passes through an algorithm to produce the checksum, the checksum is then sent along with the data. The checksum is recalculated and compared

Each row and column have even/odd parity, an even/odd number of 1 bit,
depending on what is chosen. An additional parity byte is sent to ensure there
is parity horizontally and vertically. The intersection of the row and column
where the parity is broken is the error bit.
Parity check fails when multiple bits transmitted incorrectly as they might
cancel out.

- User Accounts
- Authentication
- Digital Signature
- Firewall / Proxy
- Anti-malware
- Encryption

To specify different permissions for the users, such as read and write access so that unauthorized actions cannot be carried out.
Each user has an account with a password and username which helps prevent access to the system without a valid username and password

Authentication means to determine that someone is who they claim to be
- Through using a strong password with a unique combination of letters, numbers and
symbols makes it hard to crack.
- Additionally using biometric data such as face id or fingerprint makes it even more difficult.
- 2 Factor/stepverification using an external device can help make sure no one access your account while you are away.

Monitors incoming and outgoing traffic against a given criteria and will block anything suspicious that does not meet the requirement. It maintains blacklist of Ip address. It also has log of all traffic

Prevents requests being sent to a server

Scans the files stored on the system and files that newly enter the system for malicious code. It does this on a regular schedule. If a file is found it can be quarantined and deleted

The process of converting a given input into an unreadable format using a key. A decryption key is needed to unscramble the data

- Malware
- Spyware
- Hackers
- Phishing
- Pharming

Malicious code that self-replicates itself with the intention of harming a computer system by corrupting data

Malicious software installed on the victim’s device that records keypresses and relays them to a third party without the user’s knowledge

Unauthorized access to the victim’s device with malicious intent such as to steal sensitive information

The user is redirected to a fake link usually through email that attempts to gain sensitive personal information

The legal right to ownership and protection of intellectual property; allows enforcement of legal action against those who misuse it and restrict its usage

A group of people entrusted with maintaining operations of a legitimate occupational business.

- Provides ethical guidelines; clients know the standards that are applied; does not have to decide what's ethical since it's written down
- Provide help and support such as legal advice when needed
- Provide training courses to ensure the employee’s skills are always polished

-- Public – Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest
- Client / Employer – Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best interests of their client and employer consistent with the public interest.
-- Product – Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related modifications meet the highest professional standards possible.
-- Judgement – Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their professional judgment.
-- Management – Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and promote an ethical approach to the management of software development and maintenance.
-- Profession – Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the profession consistent with the public interest.
-- Colleagues – Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues.
-- Self – Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the practice of the profession

- Free Software foundation
- Open Source
- Shareware
- Commercial

Software which is free of cost but can still be copyrighted, users are able to redistribute and edit the source code.
- Any redistributed version of it must contain the original terms of free use, modification, and distribution (copylet)

Software is released with the source code. Users can edit and redistribute itunder the same terms. Usually, free.
- Users can edit code
- Users can fix errors
- Allows for collaboration

Software that is free for a limited amount of time, and has a subscription model to pay to have complete access to it.
- Users can redistribute
- Free trial period

Software the user must always pay before being able to use it.
- Source code is not provided; can't be edited
- No redistribution
- Earn money by charging for license
- Program is copyrighted

A machine or application which carries out a task that requires some degree of intelligence when carried out by a human, such as;
- Use of language
- Image recognition
- Analysing data to predict outcomes
- Learn from past mistakes to never repeat again
- Identify optimum steps based on past actions and results

Police identifying wanted people:
- Uses image recognition to identify characteristics in an image
Natural language interfaces:
- Uses speech recognition to identify words spoken; adapts to learn regional accents
Self-driving cars:
- Detects position on the road and within the traffic
- Follows a route // Collision avoidance // Self-parking etc.
Spoken Interfaces:
- Uses natural language processing to take a sentence and work out its meaning
Game playing:
- Models characters in a computer game to allow computer characters to react according to the player's movements

Social:
- Manual labour replaces by automation; potentially leading to unemployment↑
- Could also lead to increased leisure time↑
Economic:
- Lower manufacturing costs due to increased innovation and efficiency by automation from AI.
Environmental:
- Detrimental impact due to robot manufacturing, due to limited resources and its waste disposal.