1What are mitigation strategies?
Reduce GHG emissions + enhance carbon sinks to slow climate change
2Why are mitigation strategies necessary?
Slow climate change → prevent worsening impacts → reduce need for adaptation
3What are examples of mitigation strategies?
Clean energy, low-carbon technologies, forest regeneration
4What are adaptation strategies?
Adjust to climate change → reduce harm
5Why are adaptation strategies necessary?
Climate change impacts already occurring → need to minimise harm
6What are examples of adaptation strategies?
Water/flood management, agricultural technology, stockpiling, education
7How is climate change a threat multiplier?
Worsens existing threats to natural and human systems
8How is climate change a threat multiplier for food insecurity?
Higher temperatures + extreme weather → lower crop yields → food shortages
9How does climate change constrain development paths?
Development gains lost → money diverted to rebuilding after hazards
10Why are developing countries more affected by climate change?
Less money / resources for climate action
11Why are disadvantaged communities more affected by climate change?
Greater exposure + lower ability to cope with impacts
12What is climate risk?
Likelihood of losses from climate change impacts
13How do short-term hazards influence climate risk?
Sudden hazards → immediate destruction and disruption
14How do long-term hazards influence climate risk?
Slow-onset hazards → delayed impacts, may go unnoticed
15How do vulnerable conditions influence climate risk?
Increase susceptibility to climate hazards
16How does poverty increase climate risk?
Cannot afford food or healthcare after climate hazards
17How does lack of piped water increase climate risk?
Floods/cyclones contaminate water sources → disease risk
18How does exposure influence climate risk?
Greater exposure to hazards → greater climate risk
19How does proximity to coasts increase climate risk?
More exposed to sea-level rise and storm surges
20How does proximity to dry environments increase climate risk?
More exposed to droughts
21What mitigation strategies reduce GHG emissions?
International cooperation, low-carbon technologies, clean energy, consumption changes
22How does international cooperation reduce GHG emissions?
Developed countries lead, fund and share technology for climate action
23What are the limitations of international cooperation?
Depends on countries' commitment; many agreements are non-binding
24How do low-carbon technologies reduce GHG emissions?
Low emissions; CCUS captures and stores CO₂
25What are the limitations of low-carbon technologies?
Expensive; stored carbon may leak
26How do clean energy sources reduce GHG emissions?
Renewables produce little/no GHG emissions
27What are the limitations of clean energy?
High costs; depends on government support
28How do consumption changes reduce GHG emissions?
Less meat, local produce, less waste → lower emissions
29What are the limitations of consumption changes?
Mindsets slow to change; companies may prioritise profit
30What mitigation strategies enhance carbon sinks?
Protect forests/oceans and regenerate forests
31How does managing land-use change enhance carbon sinks?
Less deforestation → more CO₂ absorbed
32What are the limitations of managing land-use change?
Competes with agriculture, industry and urbanisation
33How does forest regeneration enhance carbon sinks?
More trees → more CO₂ absorbed and stored
34What are the limitations of forest regeneration?
Competes for land → food prices may rise
35How is a seawall effective as a structural adaptation?
Blocks seawater → protects against coastal flooding
36How is a polder effective as a structural adaptation?
Dykes + pumps keep low-lying land dry
37What are the limitations of structural adaptation?
Expensive and requires regular upgrading
38How do technological adaptations build resilience?
Maintain food production despite climate change
39How are high-tech vegetable farms effective?
Remote monitoring → optimal growing conditions
40How are high-tech fish farms effective?
Monitor water quality and disease → quick response
41What are the limitations of technological adaptations?
High cost
42How do social adaptations build resilience?
Awareness and education → better preparedness
43What are the limitations of social adaptations?
People may not change behaviour
44How do institutional adaptations build resilience?
Coordinate large-scale adaptation measures
45What are the limitations of institutional adaptations?
Competing priorities and limited budgets