Structures
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1
What is a structure?
A structure is an object that supports its self-weight and external loads without collapsing
2
What must a structure do?
Resist forces, Hold different parts together, Not to collapse during usage
3
What are the 2 types of structures?
Natural and man-made
4
What are some examples of natural structures?
plants, trees, honeycombs & webs
5
What are some examples of man-made structures?
Cranes, pylons & roofs
6
Within for example, man-made structures, what are 2 more types of structures
Frame and Shell
7
What is a frame structure?
It is a structure that consists of a framework designed to be as strong as possible with minimal material
8
What is a shell structure?
Structures that have a “skin” to provide their strength.
9
What are the 4 main functions of a structure
supporting, spanning, containing & protecting
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What are the 2 types of the forces
External (forces acting on the structure from the outside) & Internal (forces acting within the structure to resist external forces)
11
What's an example of an external force
Wind blowing on a building
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What's an example of an internal force
Chair holding a weight of a person
13
What are the 2 types of forces in for example external ones
Static (force with constant size, direction and position on a structure) & Dynamic (force with changes in size, direction and position on a structure)
14
What are the 5 types of internal forces?
Compression, Tension, Torsion, Shear & Bending
15
What is compression?
When part of a structure is squashed, it is in compression.
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What is Tension?
When part of a structure is stretched, it is in tension.
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What is Torsion?
When part of a structure is subjected to a rotary or twisting force, it is in torsion.
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What is shear?
Forces that cause one part of a structure to attempt to slide past another part are called shear force.
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What is bending?
When a part of a structure is deflected, bending forces are involved.
20
What is a strut
A part of a structure that is in compression is called a strut.
21
What is a tie
A part of a structure that is in tension is called a tie.
22
What is the formula for stress
Force / area
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What is the formula for strain
Extension / Length
24
What does it mean if a structure is in equilibrium
A structure is in equilibrium when all forces and moments acting upon it are balanced.
25
What is the formula for moments
$Force \times Perpendicular \ distance \ from \ fulcrum$
26
What system is this
Cantilever
27
What is a cantilever?
If a beam is supported at one end only, it is called a cantilever.
28
What are some reasons for structural failures?
Wrong design calculation, Excessive loads, Joint failure, Defective construction, wrong choice in the use of materials
29
What is rigidity
Rigidity is the ability of the structure to withstand deformation or bending.
30
What are some ways to reinforce a structure?
Triangulation (trusses), lamination, siffened folds, Honeycomb, Ribs, Gusset plates, Braces, Webs
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What's ductility
Material’s ability to be pulled apart without breaking.
32
What's Malleability
Material’s ability to be shaped or bent without breaking.
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What is strength
Material’s ability to resist a force without breaking or permanently distorting.
34
Hardness vs Toughness
Material's ability to resist cutting, scratching or wearing off vs resist / withstand an impact without breaking