Psych 333

Behavior that involves a combination of personal distress, psychological dysfunction, deviance from social norms, dangerousness to self and others, and costliness to society.

The scientific study of abnormal behavior, with the intent to be able to reliably predict, explain, diagnose, identify the causes of, and treat maladaptive behavior.

After the neuron fires it will not fire again no matter how much stimulation it receives.

A cognitive therapy used to reduce a client’s worry and anxiety.

When the neuron depolarizes and fires.

Though very similar to PTSD, symptoms must be present from 3 days to 1 month following exposure to one or more traumatic events.

Occurs following an identifiable stressor within the past 3 months; stressor can be a single event (loss of job) or a series of multiple stressors (marital discord that ends in a divorce); there is not a set of specific symptoms an individual must meet for diagnosis, rather, the symptoms must be significant enough that they impair social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress.

Reduction in emotional expression; reduced display of emotional expression.

When a person experiences fear specific to leaving their home and traveling to public places.

The neuron either hits -55mV and fires or it does not.

Poverty of speech or speech content.

The part of the brain responsible for evaluating sensory information and quickly determining its emotional importance.

Lasting from 2-3 years, the libido is focused on the anus as toilet training occurs.

Inability to experience pleasure.

An eating disorder characterized by the restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health; intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, despite significantly low weight; and disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight.

The environmental events or stimuli that trigger a behavior.

Characterized by the persistent pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others.

General lack of interest.

Lack of interest in social relationships.

Places of refuge for the mentally ill where they could receive care.

A disorder in which individuals have difficulty with executive functioning - an individual’s decision-making ability, which involves working memory, inhibition of inappropriate or unhelpful responses, and ability to focus in on relevant information while dismissing unimportant or irrelevant information.

The idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other people’s behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person.

A neurodevelopmental concern related to social and adaptive functioning characterized by two major areas: deficits in social communication and interaction and significant concern related to restricted and receptive behaviors and/or interests.

The constant stream of negative thoughts, also leads to symptoms of depression as individuals begin to feel as though they are inadequate or helpless in a given situation.

Regulates functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart; It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Display a pervasive pattern of social anxiety due to feelings of inadequacy and increased sensitivity to negative evaluations.

Characterized by simply a low interest in eating/feeding which ultimately leads to a deficit in obtaining appropriate calories and nutrients.

Lack of motivation of goal-directed behavior.

Sends signals/information to neighboring neurons.

The end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and is passed to an adjacent neuron.

The process of changing behavior.

The measurement of a target behavior.

What the person does, says, thinks/feels.

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating associated with: significant distress regarding binge eating behaviors; binge eating occurring, on average, at least once a week for 3 months; and binge eating behaviors are not associated with compensatory behaviors such as that in bulimia nervosa.

Includes genetics, chemical imbalances in the brain, the functioning of the nervous system, etc.

A mood disorder characterized by a least one manic episode and the symptoms are not explained by a personality disorder.

A mood disorder characterized by having at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode, never having had a manic episode, and the symptoms are not better explained by a personality disorder; Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in daily functioning.

Is an obsessive disorder, the focus of the obsessions being on perceived defects or flaws in the person’s physical appearance.

Display a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and instability.

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, recurrent compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain, and the over-evaluation of shape and weight; the binge eating and compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least once a week for 3 months and these behaviors do not occur exclusively during an episode of anorexia nervosa.

The decrease or even lack of reactivity to the environment.

The control center for the nervous system which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information.

The part of the brain involved in our sense of balance and for coordinating the body’s muscles so that movement is smooth and precise; Involved in the learning of certain kinds of simple responses and acquired reflexes.

A progressive, degenerative condition due to repeated head trauma.

When individuals with a mental illness behave in erratic or potentially dangerous ways, it is responsibility of the government to place the individual in involuntary commitment in a hospital or mental health facility to protect the individual.

The way in which we organize or categorize things.

Provide mental health professionals with an agreed upon list of disorders falling in distinct categories for which there are clear descriptions and criteria for making a diagnosis.

Stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients.

The collecting of information and drawing conclusions through the use of observation, psychological tests, neurological tests, and interviews to determine what the client’s problem is and what symptoms he/she is presenting with.

Includes information about the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that constitute that mental disorder.

The process of using assessment data to determine if the pattern of symptoms the person presents with is consistent with the diagnostic criteria for a specific mental disorder set forth in an established classification system such as the DSM-5 or ICD-10.

A face-to-face encounter between a mental health professional and a patient in which the former observes the latter and gathers data about the person’s behavior, attitudes, current situation, personality, and life history.

Teaches social skills, communication, and assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling.

Also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones.

When two or more mental disorders are occurring at the same time and in the same person.

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual performs in response to an obsession.

Occurs when there is a significant blow to the head, followed by changes in brain functioning.

A type of associative learning, occurs which two events are linked.

A more severe behavioral disorder in which an individual displays a disregard not only for rules and authority, but also the rights and conditions of humans and/or animals.

Variables not originally part of the research design but contribute to the results in a meaningful way.

According to Freud, the level of personality that is the seat of our awareness.

The outcome of a behavior that either encourages it to be made again in the future or discourages its future occurrence.

When one thing occurs due to another.

The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or is not manipulated.

A somatic symptom and related disorders characterized by at least one voluntary motor or sensory dysfunction, lack of medical compatibility between symptom and neurological/medical condition, symptom(s) not better explained by another medical or mental disorder, and causes clinically significant distress or impairment in daily functioning.

A hormone released as a stress response.

The reversal of previous learning.

When stigma affects people associated with the person with a mental disorder.

The particular pattern a disorder displays.

When people are accused of crimes but found to be mentally unstable, they are usually sent to a mental health institution for treatment.

Our ability to assess claims made by others and make objective judgments that are independent of emotion and anecdote and based on hard evidence, and required to be a scientist.

When a behavior made in one environment happens in other environments as well.

The totality of socially transmitted behaviors, customs, values, technology, attitudes, beliefs, art, and other products that are particular to a group, and determines what is normal.

A sociocultural therapies that include increasing the therapist’s awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the client’s self-worth.

A mood disorder characterized by hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms (do not fully meet criteria for a depressive episode).

When behavior represents a threat to the safety of the person or others.

Meaning the symptoms and cognitive deficits become worse overtime.

The release of patients from mental health facilities.

Characterized by a significant disturbance in attention or awareness and cognitive performance that is significantly altered from one’s usual behavior.

A major decline in cognition and self-help skills due to a neurocognitive disorder.

Receives information from neighboring neurons and look like little trees.

Sometimes life is so hard all we can do is deny how bad it is.

Characterized by pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of by others.

In an experiment, the variable that is measured.

Defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself.

When ion gated channels open allowing positively charged Sodium ions to enter; This Shifts The Polarity To Positive On The Inside And Negative Outside: This shifts the polarity to positive on the inside and negative outside.

Such as alcohol, sedative-hypnotic drugs, and opioids, are known to have a depressing, or inhibiting effect on one’s central nervous system; therefore, they are often used to alleviate tension and stress.

Include feelings of unreality or detachment from the world—whether it be individuals, objects, or their surroundings.

Statistics which provide a means of summarizing or describing data, and presenting the data in a usable form.

A move away from what is normal, or the mean, and so is behavior that occurs infrequently.

Children with DSED tend to be overly social and interact with complete strangers: They experience impaired caregiving, which means that the caregiver does not sufficiently care for the child on a consistent basis.

When we satisfy an impulse with a different object because focusing on the primary object may get us in trouble.

A group of disorders categorized by symptoms of disruption in consciousness, memory, identify, emotion, perception, motor control, or behavior.

Dissociative disorder identified by the inability to recall important autobiographical information.

Dissociative disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states which causes discontinuity of self; difficulty recalling everyday events, personal information, or traumatic events due to lapse of memory; and causes significant distress or impairment in daily functioning.

When a person experiences a disabling condition that can affect social, occupational, or other domains of life and takes psychological and/or physical pain.

Neurotransmitter which controls voluntary movements and is associated with the reward mechanism in the brain.

In psychoanalytic theory, is an attempt to understand a person’s inner most wishes as expressed in their dreams.

Includes “clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning” (APA, 2013).

According to Freud, the part of personality that attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego.

According to Freud, they protect us from the pain created by balancing both the will of the id and the superego, but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress.

Is our ability to manage the emotions of others as well as ourselves and includes skills such as empathy, emotional awareness, managing emotions, and self-control.

Learning by doing.

Incontinence with bowel movements (the inability to remain absent of bowel accidents).

Neurotransmitters involved in reducing pain and making the person calm and happy.

Urinary incontinence or the inability to remain absent of urinary accidents.

Our life instincts which are manifested through the libido and are the creative forces that sustain life.

Occurs when an individual reports a delusion of another person being in love with them.

When enzymes are used to destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space.

A special from of correlational research in which the prevalence and incidence of a disorder in a specific population are measured.

The scientific study of the frequency and causes of diseases and other health- related states in specific populations such as a school, neighborhood, a city, country, and the world.

The cause of the disorder.

Characterized by an individual recurrently skin picking.

This approach stresses the need for people to continually re-create themselves and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential.

A procedure in which evil spirts were cast out through prayer, magic, flogging, starvation, having the person ingest horrible tasting drinks, or noise-making.

In an experiment, the group that receives the treatment or manipulation.

When something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time.

Commonly referred to as Munchausen syndrome, is characterized by intentional falsification of medical or psychological symptoms of oneself or another, with the overall intention of deception.

With a FI schedule, you will reinforce after some set amount of time.

With this schedule, we reinforce some set number of responses.

Exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid.

When clinical psychology is applied to legal arena in terms of assessment, treatment, and evaluation.

In psychoanalytic theory, this technique involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session.

Part of the cerebrum that contains the motor cortex which issues orders to the muscles of the body that produce voluntary movement.

Causes progressive declines in language or behavior due to the degeneration in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain; symptoms include significant changes in behavior and/or language.

Occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another person’s actions and ignore situational factor.

Neurotransmitter responsible for blocking the signals of excitatory neurotransmitters responsible for anxiety and panic.

Holes in the literature of a given area.

Begin able to apply your findings for the sample to the population.

A type of dissociative amnesia in which the person has a complete loss of memory of their entire life history, including their own identity.

The most common anxiety disorder characterized by a global and persistent feeling of anxiety.

Beginning at puberty, sexual impulses reawaken and unfulfilled desires from infancy and childhood can be satisfied during lovemaking.

The support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: as a glue and hold the neuron in place, form the myelin sheath, provide nourishment for the cell, remove waste products, and protect the neuron from harmful substances.

Neurotransmitter associated with learning and memory.

Involves the conviction of having a great talent or insight.

When we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment.

Our “gateway” to memory; Allows us to form spatial memories so that we can accurately navigate through our environment and helps us to form new memories about facts and events.

Addresses the pervasive and excessive need for emotion and attention from others; these individuals are often uncomfortable in social settings unless they are the center of attention.

Focused on the persistent over-accumulation of possessions.

-Chronically elevated blood pressure.

Persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood; May present as persistent increased activity or energy; Symptoms last at least 4 consecutive days and present most of the day, nearly every day; Includes at least three of the following: inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative or pressured speech, flight of ideas, distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation, or excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences.

Involved in the fear producing response and may be involved in the development of trauma symptoms.

The part of the brain involved in drives associated with the survival of both the individual and the species; It regulates temperature by triggering sweating or shivering, and controls the complex operations of the autonomic nervous system.

A specific, testable prediction.

The worldview that emphasizes human welfare and the uniqueness of the individual.

According to Freud, is the impulsive part of personality that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts.

The belief that unrelated events pertain to them in a particular and unusual way.

This is when we find someone who has found a socially acceptable way to satisfy their unconscious wishes and desires and we model that behavior.

Previously known as hypochondriasis, involves the excessive preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious medical illness.

The number of new cases in a population over a specific period of time.

In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated.

Statistics which allow for the analysis of two or more sets of numerical data.

The difficult falling or staying asleep.

When we avoid emotion by focusing on intellectual aspects of a situation.

Used to determine the patient’s level of cognitive functioning and consists of a series of tasks asking the patient to use both verbal and nonverbal skills.

Characterized by recurrent behavioral outbursts which represent a failure to control aggressive impulses.

Charged particles found both inside and outside the neuron.

A chronic, functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract including symptoms such as abdominal pain and extreme bowel habits (diarrhea and/or constipation).

Revolves around the conviction that one’s spouse or partner is/has been unfaithful.

A research method in which the scientist observes people or animals in a laboratory setting.

From 6-12 years of age, children lose interest in sexual behavior and boys play with boys and girls with girls.

The hidden or symbolic meaning of a dream.

The idea that if our behavior produces a favorable consequence, in the future when the same stimulus is present, we will be more likely to make the response again, expecting the same favorable consequence.

Any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

The psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors.

Indicates the proportion of a population that has had the characteristic at any time during their lives.

When we conduct a literature search through our university library or a search engine such as Google Scholar to see what questions have been investigated already and what answers have been found.

The most common type of dissociative amnesia, is the inability to recall events during a specific period of time.

A mood disorder characterized by depressed mood most of the day or decreased interest or pleasure in all or most activities most of the day, along with insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, or difficulty concentrating to name a few symptoms; symptoms occur during a two week period.

Individuals with the disorder show significant decline in both overall cognitive functioning as well as the ability to independently meet the demands of daily living such as paying bills, taking medications, or caring for oneself.

Persistent elevated, expansive, or irritable mood: May present as persistent increased goal-directed activity or energy; Symptoms last at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day; includes three of the following: inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative or pressured speech, flight of ideas, distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation, or excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences.

The person’s actual retelling of the dream.

When large numbers of people display similar symptoms and false beliefs; a term used during the Middle Ages.

The part of the brain that regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

A hormone released when it is dark outside to assist with the transition to sleep.

Characterized by psychological dysfunction which causes physical and/or psychological distress or impaired functioning and is not an expected behavior according to societal or cultural standards.

Refers to the occurrence of mental disorders in a population.

An idea arising in the late 18 th century to the early 19 th century with the fall of the moral treatment movement, it focused on the physical well-being of patients.

Used to organize the information collected during the clinical interview and systematically evaluates the patient through a series of questions assessing appearance and behavior to include grooming and body posture, thought processes and content to include disorganized speech or thought and false beliefs, mood and affect such that whether the person feels hopeless or elated, intellectual functioning to include speech and memory, and awareness of surroundings to include where the person is and what the day and time are.

Headaches explained by a throbbing pain localized to one side of the head and often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and vertigo.

A representation or imitation of an object.

Techniques used to change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety.

An idea arising in Europe in the late 18 th century and then in the United States in the early 19 th century, it stressed affording the mentally ill respect, moral guidance, and humane treatment, all while considering their individual, social, and occupational needs.

The white, fatty covering which: 1) provides insulation so that signals from adjacent neurons do not affect one another and, 2) increases the speed at which signals are transmitted.

The area of psychology which attempts to understand how the various groups, whether defined by race, culture, or gender, differ from one another.

An explanation for mental illness that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time.

Individuals display a pattern of grandiosity along with a lack of empathy for others.

A research method in which the scientist studies human or animal behavior in its natural environment which could include the home, school, or a forest.

This is when something good is taken away or subtracted making a behavior less likely in the future.

This is when something bad or aversive is taken away or subtracted due to your actions, making it that you will be more likely to make the same behavior in the future when the same stimuli presents itself.

The inability or decreased ability to initiate actions, speech, expressed emotion, or to feel pleasure.

A group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable.

Used to diagnose cognitive impairments caused by brain damage due to tumors, infections, or head injury; or changes in brain activity.

The fundamental unit of the nervous system.

When the actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form.

A naming system.

Neurotransmitter which increases the heart rate and blood pressure and regulates mood.

The control center of the body.

Observing others either naturalistically or in a controlled environment.

When we learn by observing the world around us.

Repetitive and persistent thoughts, urges, or images.

More commonly known as OCD, the disorder requires the presence of both obsessions and compulsions.

Defined by an individual’s preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and ability to control situations that they lose flexibility, openness, and efficiency in everyday life.

A type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur.

Characterized by a child that is defiant and vindictive at times.

Beginning at birth and lasting to 24 months, the libido is focused on the mouth and sexual tension is relieved by sucking and swallowing at first, and then later by chewing and biting as baby teeth come in.

When an individual experiences recurrent panic attacks consisting of physical and cognitive symptoms.

Characterized by a marked distrust or suspicion of others.

The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body after sympathetic nervous system arousal.

The part of the cerebrum that contains the somatosensory cortex and receives information about pressure, pain, touch, and temperature from sense receptors in the skin, muscles, joints, internal organs, and taste buds.

Consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord; It handles the CNS’s input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Indicates the proportion of a population that has the characteristic at any point during a given period of time, typically the past year.

Involves the individual believing that they are being conspired against, spied on, followed, poisoned or drugged, maliciously maligned, harassed, or obstructed in pursuit of their long-term goals.

When either one or more motor tics or one or more vocal tic is present.

A mood disorder characterized by poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low self-esteem, low energy, and feelings of hopelessness lasting most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years.

Have four defining features which include distorted thinking patterns, problematic emotional responses, over- or under- regulated impulse control, and interpersonal difficulties.

Ask clients to state whether each item in a long list of statements applies to them, and could ask about feelings, behaviors, or beliefs.

Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personality contexts.

Occurring from about age 3 to 5-6 years, the libido is focused on the genitals and children develop an attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and are jealous of the same sex parent.

The act of eating items that are not food, on a regular or recurring basis.

Helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle.

The “master gland” which regulates other endocrine glands; It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the body’s cells, and other functions as well.

or a sugar pill made to look exactly like the pill given to the experimental group.

Indicates the proportion of a population that has the characteristic at a specific point in time.

When the neuron has a negative charge inside and a positive charge outside.

The part of the brain that acts as a bridge connecting the cerebellum and medulla and helps to transfer messages between different parts of the brain and spinal cord.

More commonly known as PTSD, is identified by the development of physiological, psychological, and emotional symptoms following exposure to a traumatic even.

The position in psychology that holds a more positive conception of human potential and nature.

If something bad or aversive is given or added, then the behavior is less likely to occur in the future.

If something good is given or added, then the behavior is more likely to occur in the future.

Symptoms that are an over-exaggeration of normal brain processes.

According to Freud, the level of personality that includes all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings.

The issue the person displays.

The percentage of people in a population that has a mental disorder or can be viewed as the number of cases per some number of people.

When we identify the factors that cause specific mental health issues and implement interventions to stop them from happening, or at least minimize their deleterious effects.

The anticipated course the mental disorder will take.

When we attribute threatening desires or unacceptable motives to others.

A psychological test which consists of simple ambiguous stimuli that can elicit an unlimited number of responses.

Psychoanalytic therapy used to understand the personality of a therapist’s patient and to expose repressed material.

A type of crisis intervention that requires individuals who have recently experienced a traumatic event to discuss or process their thoughts and feelings related to the traumatic event, typically within 72 hours of the event.

Includes learning, personality, stress, cognition, self-efficacy, and early life experiences and how they affect mental illness.

States that emotional or psychological factors are the cause of mental disorders and represented a challenge to the biological perspective.

Used to assess the client’s personality, social skills, cognitive abilities, emotions, behavioral responses, or interests and can be administered either individually or to groups in paper or oral fashion.

The scientific study of psychological disorders.

A loss of contact with reality.

When members of a society endorse negative stereotypes of people with a mental disorder and discriminate against them.

Due to the consequence, a behavioresponse is less likely to occur in the future.

When participants have an equal chance of being placed in the control or experimental group.

Forced sexual intercourse or other sexual act committed without an individual’s consent.

When we offer well thought out reasons for why we did what we did but in reality these are not the real reason.

A child with RAD presents as detached from others and like DSED, often experience impaired caregiving.

When an impulse is repressed and then expressed by its opposite.

When the observed changes behavior due to realizing they are being observed.

Locations where neurotransmitters bind to.

Due to the consequence, a behavioresponse is more likely to occur in the future.

The rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce a desired behavior.

After a short period of time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so.

When we move from a mature behavior to one that is infantile in nature.

When our assessment is consistent.

Repeating a study to confirm its results.

When the Na channels close and Potassium channels open; K has a positive charge and so the neuron becomes negative again on the inside and positive on the outside, or polarizes.

When unacceptable ideas, wishes, desires, or memories are blocked from consciousness.

Our plan of action of how we will go about testing the hypothesis.

According to psychoanalytic theory, is the point during free association that the patient cannot or will not proceed any further.

Occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn.

When the CR is elicited by a single CS or a narrow range of CSs.

When the CS is no longer paired with the UCS.

When a number of similar CSs or a broad range of CSs elicit the same CR.

When the neuron is waiting to fire.

The part of the brain responsible for alertness and attention.

The process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use.

A study in which the control is followed by the treatment, and then a return to control and second administration of the treatment condition; builds replication in to the design.

The frequent act of regurgitating food with no medical explanation (gastro concerns, reflux) and in the absence of a body-image/weight-related reason (anorexiaulimia).

A set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience.

When people with mental illnesses internalize the negative stereotypes and prejudice, and in turn, discriminate against themselves.

Characterized by the psychotic symptoms included in criteria A of schizophrenia and a concurrent uninterrupted period of a major mood episode—either a depressive or manic episode.

Displays a persistent pattern of avoidance from social relationships along with a limited range of emotion among social relationships.

A mental disorder that includes the presentation of at least two of the following for at least one month: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized/abnormal behavior, or negative symptom.

A mental disorder characterized by at least two of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized/abnormal behavior, and/or negative symptoms.

Characterized by a range of impairment in social and interpersonal relationships due to discomfort in relationships, along with odd cognitive and/or perceptual distortions and eccentric behaviors.

A systematic method for gathering knowledge about the world around us.

More commonly known as anxiolytic drugs, these drugs have a calming and relaxing effect on individuals.

Is in a sense, a component of localized amnesia in that the individual can recall some, but not all, of the details during a specific time period.

A disorder is characterized by an absence of speech in particular social situations in which a person is expected to speak.

When the person does their own measuring and recording of the ABCs.

When we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to outside causes (situational).

When our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus.

A disorder that is characterized by excessive fear of separating from a caregiver: A child may worry about the caregiver becoming seriously ill, dying, or being permanently separated from them.

Neurotransmitter which controls pain, sleep cycle, and digestion; leads to a stable mood and so low levels leads to depression.

When we have to focus on one individual in a study.

Occurs when an individual experiences anxiety related to social or performance situations, where there is the possibility that they will be evaluated negatively.

The process of collecting and assessing information about others.

When a participant answers questions dishonestly so that he/she is seen in a more favorable light.

The stated and unstated rules of society.

Characterized by overall difficulty with understanding how social communication should occur (to and fro), flexible understand of places and contexts of conversation (we talk about personal things to friends and not to acquaintances, we talk quietly in library and loudly at a football game), and subtle social cues.

Includes factors such as one’s gender, religious orientation, race, ethnicity, and culture that affect mental illness.

The cell body.

Involves delusions regarding bodily functions or sensations.

Allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS.