exam 3

youre healthier, suffer less depression, less anxiety, stress less, are persistent, more successful, more satisfied, are happier

motivational strategy to improve performance. changes people's (usually negative) attributions

Adversity, Beliefs, Consequences, Disputations, Energization. A - identify the problem; B - the attributions you make, which lead to C; D - providing evidence to oppose negative beliefs or providing distractions; E - you'll feel energized to move! :)

evaluations of various aspects of the social world; positive or negative reactions to people, ideas, opinions, and objects

negative attitudes toward members of specific social groups, often formed without complete experience/exposure with target groups. emotionally driven

conditioned response acquired following the pairing of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

attitudes or behaviors that are praised will be strengthened, while if met with negative reactions theyll be weakened

aquisition of attitudes by watching others

process by which we compare ourselves to others to be sure whether our view are correct or not

Affective: what you feel; Behavioral: what you do; Cognitive: what you think

knowledge, identity or value-expression, impression motivation or adaptive, ego-defensive

help us under the social world better. we use our stereotypes

who we are based on the attitudes we possess

wanting to garner a favorable impression, we want to belong to the group

protecting the ego, "I'm a good person." we might have a reactive attitude and shit on the things we arent good at

over-generalizations of shared characteristics about social groups; function as schemas

stereotyping (cognitive), prejudice (affective), discrimination (behavioral). relating to ABC Model

distinguishing traits of females and males

emotional, homemakers, focused on appearance, maternal instincts, weaker/submissive, warm, polite, senstive, followers, weak, freindly, fashionable, gentle

providers, liars, alcoholics, sports, bad with emotions, aggressive, competent, stable,tough, self-confident, leaders, strong, accomplished, noncomforming

standards differ based on the group they belong to

prejudiced attitudes toward those in the 'them' category; in-group bias versus the out-group

tendency to attribute positive outcomes to your group, but negative outcomes to situational causes

we attribute the out-groups' negative outcomes to their disposition

members of an out-group appear to be "all alike" or more similar to each other than members of the in-group

they all have something in common

anger = harm, guilt = avoidance of distress, disgust = avoidance of contamination, fear and envy = defensive to protect own group

when perceptions of threat are involved (a threat to self-esteem or the in-group, competition for scarce resources)

differential behaviors directed toward members of different social groups

more subtle beleifs than blantant feelings of superiority

suggests females are a threat to males' postions

suggests females are superior to men in various ways, usually praising them for doing household chores. this may keep them in low-status positions; "Women are Wonderful" effect

barriers that prevent qualified women from advancing to top-level positions

hiring minorities to demonstrate they're not discrimnatory. can be an effective strategy for deterring protest by disadvantaged groups

assumption that everyone ought to be heterosexual

consideration and exposure to placing one's self in another group's position can lead to reduction in prejudice

negative stereotypes and discrimination directed toward people who are single

kind, mature, stable, happy, health benefits, discounts, tax breaks, longevity, generativity, meaning

prejudice is acquired through direct and vicarious experiences in much the same manner as other attitudes

view that increased contact between members of various social groups can be effective in reducing prejudice between them; increasing familiarity, reducing anxiety

prejudice can be reduced through recategorization

shifting the boundary between "us" and "them" so as to include the former outgroups in the "us" category

conducted by Sherif in 1954. had 12 year old white boys camp together and created 2 competitive groups against each other demonstrating intergroup hostility. later they attempted to reduce the conflict and successfuly did so through making them do cooperative tasks with a common goal in mind

behavior directed toward the goal of harming another

Thanatos, humans possess an innate drive to self-sabotage and aggression. the opposing is Eros, Freud's life instinct

external conditions that arouse the motive to harm or injure others

aggression triggered by a wide range of input variables which influence arousal, affective states, and cognitions

reactive, direct, avoidant, passive-aggressive

outward expressions of anger and frustration through verbal and/or physical ways

assertive behavior defines limits of what they are willing to do or not to

allows own rights to be violated due to a belief that their feelings are not as important as others

deliberate and masked way of expressing covert feelings of anger