chp 3

efforts to keep certain thoughts, idea and images out of our concious mind

signaling red flags at an unconcious level

concious effort to put away what we keep thinking about

we think about the thing we're trying not to think about more than before despite our efforts not to as a result of information overload. our concious falters leaving us with only our unconcious (failing controlled operating process)

perceptions/assumptions that dont hold up under rational scrutiny

law of contagion, law of similarity, thoughts affecting the physical world

if two things touch, they share their properties

items that look similar we believe they share the same properties

we believe our thoughts will have an affect on the world (like manifesting and telekinesis stuff)

the processes through which we try to understand other people

communication via unspoken language, indirect methods for gaining information

facial expressions, eye contact, body language, posture, physical touch

crow's feet wrinkles (squinted eyes), pushed up cheeks, upturned corners of mouth

drooping upper eyelids, lack of focus in eyes, slight frown

eyebrows down and together, eyes glare, lips narrowed

eyebrows raised and pulled together, raised upper eyelids, tensed lower eyelids, lips slightly stretched horizontally back to ears

eyebrows raised, eyes widened, mouth open

nose wrinkling, upper lip raised

lots of eye contact signals friendiliness, little signals shyness. staring makes ppl uncomfortable bc it indicates anger or hostility, may cause the person to flee the interaction

includes position, posture, or movement of our bodies. as our moods change our body language changes

specific gestures with precise meanings known within cultures

factors to consider: who's doing it, what is the duration, what part of the body is touched, how intense is it, what context does it take place. when deemed appropriate touched produces a positive reaction

causing someone to believe what is false, used in roughly 20% of social interactions and ppl lie at least once a day. we are bad at detecting lies

microexpressions, eye contact, exaggerated facial expressions, interchannel discrepancies, linguistic style

fleeting facial expressions, present after an emotion-provoking event

the theory that the movement of our eyes indicates whether we are lying or telling the truth. believes that if we are looking the opposite direction of our dominant hand that we are lying. not supported

liars blink more often, and the pupils dilate when lying. liars may display a low level of eye contact or unusually high levels

prolonged or extreme expressions

trying to control all channels of nonverbal communication, which is inconsistent because it is difficult to control them all

aspects of all speech besides the actual meanings of words expressed. when lying the pitch of the voice tends to rise, we are slower when responding or describing, and stammer

processing a brief, general perception of others

efforts to manage our own favorable impression on others

women

we recall details more, focus on appearance, hisotrically have been in subordinate roles where we must be receptive to the needs of someone in power

more skeptical, women are nicer people, men lie more

certain key traits that affect the whole impression

traits that dont really impact your impression

experiment where people look at a list of traits and describe a person, ONE trait from the list is changed and completely changed the person's impression. showed that first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions, and some traits more central to developing the overall impression

we make impressions of each other on an implicit level based on what traits we know they already have, we assume what other traits they have based on what traits "go together"

an example of behavior

mental summary of previous exemplars and pre-conceived notions; we place people in familiar categories

our efforts to produce a favorable first impression on other people

make ourselves look good

make others feel good

physical appearance, positive traits, skills or expertise, overcoming obstacles

flattery, agreement, showing interest through the nonverbal channels, doing small favors, asking advice

be on time for meetings, be at ease dont try so hard, be yourself you are not perfect, present yourself appropriately, use nonverbal communication channels, speak clearly, be able to hold a conversation, use the other's name, be courteous, be attentive, let the other person be in the spotlight, be confident, be positve and optimistic

someone who is likeable towards superiors and dislikeable towards subordinates

the process of identifying the causes of a person's behavior

everyone is a naive scientist attempting to make sense of their social world

behavior caused by either internal or external causes

it can be a good thing for shy anxious people because it provides distractions (e.g. they wont be so focused or worried about talking to people when they have other stuff on their mind)

tendency to explain the behavior of others as stemming from dispositional (personal/internal) causes

tendency to attribute one's own behavior to situational causes, but attribute the behavior of others to dispositional causes

tendency to attribute postive outcomes to personal cuases, but negative outcomes to situational causes

observing the behavior of others to infer their stable dispositions; factors to process: if the behaviors are freely chosen and intentional, show noncommon effects, are low in social desirability

people provide a cause for an event by whether the circumstances and conditions surround the event vary or not. consensus, distinctivenss, consistency information

internal/external, stablenstable, controllablencontrollable