2Principle of Independent Assortment
paired alleles segregte independently from eahc other so that various combinations of alleles can be found in the gametes
3Principle of Segregation
paired alleles separate during meiosis so that each gamete receives only one of the paired alleles for that trait
4What pedigree symbol is used for males?
squares
5What pedigree symbol is used for females?
circles
6What biomolecule is composed of deoxyribose sugars, phosphates, and the nitrogen-containing bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine?
DNA
7What holds one nitrogen base to another in the DNA strand?
hydrogen bonds
8What process makes a copy of DNA so that daughter cells that result from mitosis and cytokinesis each have a copy of DNA?
replication
9Which 5-carbon sugar is characteristic of RNA?
ribose
10What nitrogen base is associated with RNA but not with DNA?
uracil
11What kind of RNA is made when transcription occurs?
mRNA
12Which strand of DNA acts as the template when making the mRNA?
template strand
13Where in a cell does protein synthesis occur?
ribosomes
14What molecule transports amino acids to the ribosomes?
tRNA
15How many nitrogen bases make up a codon, and what does each codon represent?
3; amino acid
16What connects one amino acid to another in the polypeptide chain?
peptide bonds
17Which size DNA fragments, smaller or larger, move more quickly through a gel during electrophoresis?
smaller
18How are many genetic disorders now identified?
genomic testing
19What protein is affected when an individual has sickle-cell disease?
hemoglobin
20Explain why DNA is only replicated prior to the start of mitosis and meisosis and what the result would be if DNA was replicated each time a new protein needed to be made
to ensure each daughter cell receives a complete set. if it was replicated each time it would result in erorrs and mutations
21If the portion of DNA to be transcribed has 66 bases, how many amino acids will the resulting protein have?
22, because each amino acid has 3 bases
22What concerns should high school and college athletic coaches have about the potential for their players to have sickle-cell trait?
They wil have sickle-shaped cells if they experience dehydration or mild oxygen dehydration
23How could athletic players be identifed as having sickle-cell trait or not?
genomic testing
24What kind of plant tissue is composed of cells that divide?
meristematic tissue
25What term is used to identify ground tissue in a leaf?
mesophyll
26What kind of plant, monocot or eudicot, has the xylem and phloem in its leaves arranged in a parallel pattern?
monocot
27How is xylem typically arranged in a eudicot root cross section?
ring
28What kind of plant, monocot or eudicot, has stem vascular bundles thta occur in a ring?
eudicot
29What type of vascular tissue forms the annual rings in a woody stem?
vascular cambium
30What is the outermost layer of a leaf that protects and prevents water loss?
cuticle
31What cells are on either side of a stoma and regulate whether it is open or closed?
guard cells
32If its leaf veins form a net pattern and there is one blade attached to a petiole, is the leaf simple or compound, and is it from a monocot or a eudicot?
simple, eudicot
33Where is glucose produced in a leaf?
chloroplasts
34What type of tissue carries glucose away from a leaf?
phloem
35Where is the glucose stored in a plant like a beet?
glucose is stored as polymeric glucan
36Stomata are more numerous in the lower epidermis of leaves. Explain why it would be detrimental tothe plant to have more stomata in the upper epidermis of leaves
the stomata is responsible for regulating gas exchange for photosynthesis, and by being located in the lower epidermis it cooler in the shade preventing the plant from losing water. being located in the upper epidermis would cause the plant to lose water because of the increased temperature
37Compare and contrast monocots and eudicots by identifying two similarities and two differences between them
they both produce flowers and have vascular tissue. monocots have one cotyledon while eudicots have two. monocots have parallel venation on their leaves, and eudicots have net-like venation
38List the four main tissue types in the body
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue
39List the organ systems in the body
cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, immune system, respiratory system, urinary system, digestive system, nervous system, endocrine system, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, reproductive system
40cardiovascular system
blood, the heart, blood vessels
41lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymph nodes
42immune system
thymus, spleen, lymph cells, blood cells
43respiratory system
lungs, the trachea
44urinary system
kidneys and urinary bladder
45digestive system
organs along the digestive tract, teeth, salivary glands, livers, pancreas
46nervous system
brain, spinal cord, and associated nerves
47endocrine system
hormonal glands, thyroid and adrenal glands
48integemuntary system
skin, eyes, ears
49skeletal system
bones of skeleton
51reproductive system
testes, ductus deferens, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
52skin
The body’s largest organ, which protects our internal organs from the environment. It is in the integumentary system
53brain
Coordinates the nervous system function in vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It is primarily made up of neurons, which send nerve impulses and store information. It is in the nervous system.
54heart
A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It is in the cardiovascular system.
55lungs
Two large organs in the chest cavity responsible for adding oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the blood. They are in the respiratory system.
56liver
A vital organ located in the abdomen. It detoxifies the blood, makes blood clotting factors, digestive chemicals, energy from protein, stores glycogen, breaks down red blood cells, and produces hormones. It is in the digestive system.
57kidneys
A paired organ that removes waste products from the blood and regulates fluid and electrolyte levels within the body. It is in the urinary system.
58bladder
Present in the urinary tracts, it stores urine produced and delivered by the kidneys. It is in the urinary system.
59pancreas
A large gland located in the back of the abdomen that produces insulin and enzymes to help digest food. It is in the digestive system.
60gall bladder
A small organ located below the liver. It is where bile is stored before it is released into the small intestine. It is in the digestive system.
61spleen
Located in the upper left abdominal cavity. It filters the blood. It is in the immune system.
62small intestine
A long, coiled tube that is where most of our nutrient absorption takes place. It is in the digestive system.
63large intestine
Water, salts, and some vitamins are absorbed here. Waste material is also stored here as feces until it is removed by defecation. It is in the digestive system.