exam 4

high levels of competitiveness, time urgency, hostility. more likely to engage in hostile aggression (emotionally driven)

relaxed, laid back, less driven, non-competitive

goal-oriented, using harm as a "means to an end" not for your own sake. also called cognitive aggression

pleasant, internalizes anger and anxiety, difficulty expressing emotions

Hardy personality, driven, goal-oriented but calm about it

react with high levels of aggression when feedback from others threatens their inflated self-image

show higher levels of both physical and verbal aggression compared to others because they have a low set levels of arousal

more likely to aggress

biologically determined

it's me against the world.. everyone is out to get me!!

males engage in more aggressive behavior, women are more likely to use indirect forms. these differences are nonexistent in situations in which provocation is present

can elicit aggression when the cause is viewed as illegitimate or unjustified (from drive theory: the external conditions)

actions that tend to trigger aggression due to malcious intent; people tend to reciprocate with the same or slightly higher level of aggression they receive "an eye for a face"

when you have heightened arousal from another context and it then spills over to a completely different situation. more likely to occur when not aware that they are experiencing residual arousal (also called displacement)

people learn aggression through direct experiences or by observing others. they learn which groups are appropriate targets, ways to harm others, what actions justify retaliation, what situations permit aggression

can be caused by exposure to media violence, in which people believe others behave aggressively which causes them to act more aggressively to combat it

cultures in which there are strong norms indicating that aggression is an appropriate response to insults to one's honor

D.C., New Mexico, Alaska, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee

people in experiments who consume alcohol behave more aggressively and respond to provocations more strongly

express aggressive impulses in "safe" ways will reduce tendencies to engage in aggression. these activities are more likely to increase aggression and offer only temporary relief

has to be prompt, certain, strong, and justified

think before you act, express anger calmly, use "I" statements, problem solving, forgiveness

stop and breathe, take a timeout, use of humor, exercise

preparing "I can manage this situation," confronting "I don't need to prove myself," coping "time to relax and slow things down," reflecting "it could have been a lot worse"

a person's attitude about another person; interest or desire in another

need for affiliation (desire to maintain interpersonal relationships), need for achievement (goal oriented), need for power (control over our own lives)

people's preferred amounts of social interaction; some prefer smaller groups or bigger groups (this is an enduring trait)

appropriateness of our emotional reactions

it increases when one's mortality is brought to mind (when we're in danger) (internal determinant of attraction)

funny, outgoing, thoughtful, respectful, communicative, smart, kind/caring, loyal (internal determiant of attraction)

successful, leadership, good job skills, earning potential, sense of humor, intellectual, attractive, commonsensical, athletic, logical (internal determinant of attraction)

attractive, good in bed, affectionate, good social skills, good homemaker, stylish, sensitive, tasteful, moral, artistic (internal determinant of attraction)

kindness, honesty, intelligence, humor (internal dterminant of attraction)

person's emotional state; mood states

if another person is present, the associated effects -> classical conditioning. ex: if someone's is always around when we feel bad we associate them with bad feelings, or if we feel good around someone we associate them with good feelings

we tend to react to people at first meetings based on stereotypes (external dterminant)

mixture of physical attributes evaluated as beautiful and handsome; we tend to respond positiveley to attractive people and negatively to unattractive people (external determinant)

deem attractiveness on a scale; we tend to be rated at a similar level of attractiveness as our mates; ex: closing time at bars, people are rated more attractive at the end of the night then the beginning because there's less people

more attractive people are also assumed to have other positive qualities

ugly = bad, old = health concerns, overweight = lazy

must look good, is more prevalent in women

physical closeness of 2 people geographically

frequent contact with a stimulus leads to increasingly positive evaluations of the stimulus; a limitation is if there was initially extreme hatred

eliminates the boundaries of geographical prosimity; feelings of liberation and comfort interacting online (these benefits are only felt if they are direct); however, this may lead to less face-face interaction

larger number of facebook friends, more suscepitble to depression; more frequent time spent on social media, lower well-being

people respond positively to others who they perceive as similar to them and negatively to those they perceive as dissimilar; leading determinant of attraction; interactive determinant

similarity and liking leads to balance, a pleasant internal state

validated (you share similar goals or validate each other's views)

initial communication seeks anticipated outcomes in forming a relationship

we tend to like those who like us

the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver

high self-esteem and high interpersonal trust

low self-esteem and low interpersonal trust (also known as disorganized attachment)

high interpersonal trust and low self-esteem (also known as anxious attachment)

high self-esteem and low interpersonal trust

involve feelings of affection, hostility and rivalry; likely to be positive if each sibling has warm relationship with the parents; tend to drift apart in teen years and may become close again in adulthood