Exam 1 Focus A&P 2

controlled by prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH), dopamine, PIH prevents PRL until needed, decrease of PIH leads to lactation, breast swelling/tenderness during cycle due to increase of esterogen & PRL

release of a hormone in response to another hormone

control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluid (blood or ion concentration in blood)

glucuse amount in the blood stimulates the pancreas to release insulin

Tropic Cells send a messaage to cells which act on the origional target, one needed for the rest

directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones

short-term stress response

presence of a hormone triggers decrease in number of homone receptors, when levels of a particular hormone are high, cells become less senstive to it

absence of a hormone triggers increase in number of hormone receptors, when levels of a particular hormone are low, cells become more sensitive to it

'feel good hormone', stimuli for release, infants sucklings & uterine stretching, acts a neurotransmitter in brain via PIP2-Calcium second messenger system, has 2 positive feedback mechanisms: contraction of myometrium during labor & milk generation in breasts (let down reflex)

kidney tubule cells reabsorb water from flowing urine back into blood, released due to pain, low B/P & drugs, also called vasopressin

triggered by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during & after puberty, 2 types

production of gametes

in females, mature follicles of eggs, ovulation, esterogen, & progresterone, in males testosterone production

75% of glands, does not directly regualte the bodys processes, other endocrine glands are their targets
hormones: gonadotropins, ACTH, PRL, GH, TSH

opposing hormones
insulin & glucagon

Additive, working together
epilglucagon

one hormone is necessary for another to produce its effect
tropic hormones

steriod based-- long lasting, bound to transporters, arachnidoic acid deratives such as eicosanoids (leukotrienes) & prostaglandins (thromboxanes)

small molecules structurally related to amino acid, monomer of protein
dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, TH, catecholamines

triggered by thryotropin releasing hormone (TRH) triggered by thyroid hromone (TH) & growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH), maintains the development of the thyroid & secretion of T3 to T4 from thryoird, produced by hypothalamus

some synthesized as prohormones, range froma few amino acids to 100s of amino acids, protein

triggered by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex, stress response, fever & hypoglycemia, comes from hypothalamus

25% of gland
stires & releases ADH & Oxytocin

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) triggered by low blood growth hormone and glucose, an increase of amino acid levels and ghrelin (hunger hormone), GHIH inhibits GH release via increase GH levels, important for muscles, bones & cartilage

needed for normal blood clotting, initiate clotting cascade by clinging to broken area, control blood loss from broken blood vessels

4%-8% of WBC, active phagocytes that become macrophages in tissues, long term "clean up" team, increase during chronic infections

20-45% of WBC, part of immune system
- B Lymphocytes: produce antiboides
- T Lymphocytes: involved in graft rejection fighting tumurs, viruses, & activating B lymphocytes

0-1% of WBC, granules contain histamine which is discharged at sites of inflammation

1-4% of WBC, red, kill parasitic worms, increase during allergy attacks, might activate inflammatory chemicals

40-70% of WBC, active phagocytes, number increases rapidly during short term or acute infections

lack nuclei and mitochondria, transport oxygen, contains hemoglobin (red)

- Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: between right ventricle & pulmonary trunk
- Aortic Semilunar Valve: between left ventricle & aorta

- ensure unidirectional blood flow through heart, open & close in response to pressure changes, no valves between major veins & atria b/c incoming blood prevents back flow & heart contractions
1) Atrioventricular Valves: between atria & ventricles
2) Semilunar Valves: between ventricles & major arteries to prevent backflow, open & close based on pressure changes

equal volumes of blood pumped to pulonary & systemic cicuits, pulmonary circuit is short, low pressure circulation, left ventricle is 3x thicker & pumps with greater pressure

posterior surface, leans to right shoulderq

points to left hip

below left nipple, between 5th & 6th rib

- Oxygenated Blood from 4 Pulmonary Veins
- Left Atrium
- Mitral Valve
- Left Ventricle
- Aortic Semilunar Valve
- Aorta
- Systemic Circulation

- Deoxygenated Blood from Superior/Inferior Vena Cava & Coronary Sinus
- Right Atrium
- Tricuspid Valve
- Right Ventricle
- Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
- Pulomary Trunk
- Pulmonary Arteries
- Lungs
- Picks up O2 in Pulmonary Circuit

providing structure & support, crisscrossed interlacing of CT, limits spread of action potential to specific paths

1) Epicardium: visceral layer of serous membrane
2) Myocardium: circular/spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells, contracts cardiac muscle bundles, bulk of heart
3) Endocardium: innermost layer, continous with endothelial lining of blood vessls, lines heart chambers & covers cardiac skeleton of valves

lack of healthy RBCs for adequate oxygen in tissues

bone marrow damaged, toxic chemcials, radiation

RBCs destroyed, toxic chemicals

hemoglobin deficient & lack of iron

abnormal shape of RBCs, defective gene, affects RBC travel

excess immature RBCs, inability to absorb B12, can cause brain damage

hemoglobin deficient, RBCs short lived, defective gene

bone marrow occupied with leukocytes, immature nonfunctional WBCs in blood stream, death caused by internal hemhorrage & infections, treatment includes irradiation, antileukemic drugs, & stem cell transplants

thrombus that breaks away & flows freely in blood stream, clogged vessel in critical area (brain)

high concentration of RBC concentration in blood, blood is less thick & less able to travel through organs & blood vessels

platelet deficieny, normal movements cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

sample with antibodies mixed with A & B blood, if blood cells stick, blood reacted with antibodies

RBC production in bone marrow, stimulated from erythropoietin by liver & kidney due to low blood O2, live for about 120 days, destroyed in spleen & liver by macrophages (WBC_ hemloglbin is broken down & iron to bone marrow, too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia, balance of RBC production/destruction is dependent on hormones, iron, amino acids & B vitamins

if mom is Rh- and did is Rh+ but baby is Rh+, causes moms immune system to attacj the babys Rh+ blood (2nd pregnancy)

A+ = A+, A=, O-, O+
A- = A- & O-
B+ = B+, N-, O-, O+
AB+ = anyone
O- = O- only
O+ = O-, O+

clots within 3 to 6 minutes, clot remains as endothelium (part of blood vessel) regenerates, clot broken down by fibrinolysis

1) Platelet Plug Formation: collagen fibers exposed by break in blood vessel, platelets become sticky (thrombopoietin), and anchored platelets release chemicals, platelet plug from piled up platelets
2) Vascular Spasms: serotonin released (b/c platelets), serotonin casues blood vessel muscles to spasm, spasms narrows blood vessels and lowers blood loss
3) Coagulation: thromboplastin is released, interacts with PF3 & calcium ions begin clotting cascade, turns to thrombin & joins fibrogen

Structure: 2 alpha & 2 beta chains (protein globin), heme pigment bonded to each globin chain, unique shape but important
O2 Loading in Lungs: oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)
O2 Unloading in Tissues: deoxyhemoglobin
CO2 Loading in Tissues: carbaminohemoglobin (carries 20% of CO2 in blood)

originate in liver, transports lipids & fat soluble vitamins

originate in lymphatic tissue, constitue antibodies of immunity

4%, originate in liver, key role in blood coagulation

60%, help maintain osmotic pressure in blood, holds water in capillaries with colloid pressure

varies with size, fluid concentration, electrolyte concentration & adipose tissue
about *% of body weight
5-6 Liters in Males
4-5 Liters in Females
pH = 7.35 to 7.45, slightly basic