drugs, deviance, and social control uiowa exam 1

history, strictness, viewpoints

lifelong social experience by which humans develop their potential and learn culture (most important group= peer group use/ attitudes toward use)

consquences, policies, norms

access, usage, care about image, social acceptance

negative consequences, normalizing

methods for social control

exposure to drug users and the drug itself , regulation and legalization
US pharmaceutical culture= macro level
drugs in household/ school = micro level
how often do you see drugs in the streets you live in?
are drugs accessible?
generally speaking how common is substance use in your society?

early exposure in life = increased likelihood of acceptance and engagement
age of initial exposure is decreasing

views aren’t stagnant, very few viewpoints on drugs are shaped by concrete or empirical facts, they are social constructs, attitudes shape behavior!

biological: initial sensitivity, gender, etc. cultural: society’s view, tied to environment. social: motivations to use drugs. contextual: how i felt when i tried that drug

false

false

false

false

any substance that modifies mind or body functioning

compounds that affect the central nervous system and alter consiousness and/ or perceptions

yes, when counting all drugs use is VERY high

the habitual taking or misuse of addictive or illegal drugs outsidr of prescribed recommendations

chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking despite harmful consequences

minir

age, solidarity, means of acquiring, motivation, use of multiple drugs, behavior under the influence

habitual, compulsive use over a prolonged period of time

emotional, mental preoccupation

physical symptoms associated with abuse

the number or percentage of people in the population who use a given druge during a designated period of time

for a given drug, a figure calculated by comparing the proportion of ‘at least once’ users who have also taken that drug within a more recent time period usually within the past month or year

alcohol

marijuana

1. legal instrumental
2. legal recreational
3. illegal instrumental
4. illegal recreational

taking a drug as prescribed for the intended purpose
ex: tylenol for pain relief

taking licit drugs to achieve a certain mental or psychic state
ex: alcohol

taking licit drugs, without a prescription, to accomplish a specific task or goal
ex: taking someone elses adderall to help you study

taking illicit drugs for fun or pleasure
ex: heroin or meth

1st time = 12-17 years old
highest rate of abuse= 18-24 years old (young people)

males higher than females, but almost the same for 12-18 year olds
female rate rising

black: 11.3%
white: 9.2%
hispanic/latino: 8.3%
asian: 3.7%

most employed

people who do crime more likely to use drugs and people who do drugs more likely to do crime

medical bills, employment, mental health, relationships, controlling drugs~ $6,120/ second (cost to society) sources of cost: drugs are more potent, wider availability, drug use is dissseminated across a wider audience, drug industry is profitable

immediate effects of use of discontinuation
ex: intoxication and withdraw

combines substance abuse and substance dependence
measured on a continuum from mild to severe
criterion include: tolerance, withdraw, taking more than intended, failure to perform important obligations, great deal of time spent on use, craving for substance, etc.

mild: 2-3 criterion
moderate: 4-5
severe: 6+

2+ disorders/ illnesses occuring at the same time or in succession within the same individual
ex: drugs use disorder & anxiety, depression, PTSD, bipolar, sleep disorder, eatinf disorder
people with substance use disorders gave higher rates or drug issues

the properties if drugs dictate drug related behavior
mind altering/ psychoactive properties set off society (and social science)

external how we view the user
societal conditions help define drugs, drug use, drug abuse, and the social ramifications
objective shapes subjective

because they choose to and they can choose to stop (or lack of good morals/ moral compass)
advocates for personal responsibility& empowers good choices
judgment based, contributed to stigma, shame, and guilt, may prevent people from seeking health

underlying issues/ components/ biologically caused condition driving drug dependence
can be treated not cured

internal drives drug behaviors, all drugs use & addiction caused by psychological distress
reduces stigma, addresses underlying reasons for using drugs (influences relapse)
risk of labeling, reliance on behavioral therapy may not work for all addicts, may encourage external blame

peers, culture, family, and communities drive drug use
promotes responsibility, focus in prevention, helps identify at-risk population
counseling with more people becomes more complex, places blame on culture, may promote culturak stereotypes

the kichen sink, comibed all of them, complex
when factors come together to explain an addiction
captures everything, promoted a multifaceted approach to treatment
can be too complex may lead to “where does one start”

focus on genetics and align with the medical/ disease model of addiction exposure theories: chemical level of addiction
psychiatric disorder: comorbidity, other mentak disorder occur in drug addicts due ti a genetic predisposition

whats happening inside triggering outside behavior
2 basic varieties: those emphasizing the mechanism of reunforcemeng and those focused on personality differences:
reinforcement theories: based on idea that behavior is learned ( + and - reinforcement)
personality theories: personality factors a strong catalyst in use and abuse

what happens outside influences use
focuses on how factors EXTERNAL to the drug user impact drug use
*2 types of sociological theories:
1. social influence theories: learning theories, micro exchange state (4 factors influence: priority, duration, frequency, intensity) labeling theory, primary deviance (inconsequential), secondary deviance (begins to identify as deviant)
2. structural influence theories: certain communities with higher rates of drug use and addiction, what is it about communities/ groups driving drug use, social disorganization theory: social factors affect individuals, strain theory,

opium- chinese immigrants
marijuana- blacks and hispanics
crack/ cocain- inner city minorities

medical needs + availability of products

high rates of drug abuse

increased availability, purer forms, more efficient and effective administrative routes

aimed to control consumption of alcohol

medical reliance= dangerous dependency
legislation directed at recreational users (asian immigrants)

father of narcotics law

1914-1931: “local” phase of prohibiton
1930s: “national” phase of prohibiton
marijuana tax act of 1937: effectively criminalizes marijuana
occupational tax
transaction through written order forms imposition of a tax on transfers

1906
banned interstate commerce in tainted and misbranded food and drugs
did NOT outlaw sale of medications containing problematic drugs
sherley amebdment: prohibits labeling medicines with false claims
1951 durham-humohrey amendment: classifies otc
1962 kefauver-harris amendment: must prove safety and effectiveness of drugs prior to market

“controlled substances act” *replaced all prior drug legislation
focused on how we police and discipline drugs instead of education or prevention
divider substances with abuse potential into categories based on the degree of their abuse potential and clinical usefulness
created drug schedules (based on abuse potential and medical utility)
ex: heroin schedule 1 no medical utility, very high abuse potential

high abuse potential no medical use- illegal
ex: heroin, LSD, marijuana, ecstasy, peyote

high abuse potential, some medical use - controlled
ex: vicodin, cocaine, meth, oxycontin, adderal

low abuse potential, medical use - controlled with lesser penalties

process wherby the body maintains balance while adjusting for these things: property of a system that regulates its internal environment
tends to maintain a stable, relativeky constant condition of properties

ensures organisms/ cells can function normally if they can’t they may get sick or die

nervous and endocrine system

gila= glue guys
neurons= nerve cells that conduct the homeostatic function of the brian and other parts of NS
recivers, neurotransmitters

neurotransmitters

special proteins in the receiving neurons and other target cells

releases dopamine, serotonin, and endorphins

2 drugs who have opposite effects on the body
aids in enhancement or production
stimulation
imitates neurotransmitter

blocks reception, works against drug
1+1=0

1+1=2

amplifies outcome increases good decreases bad
multiplies 1+1=4

spinal cord, brain stem, brain

regulates involuntary bodily processes, including heart rate, respiration, digestion and pupil contraction; operates automatically without conscious direction

fight or flight

calms the body

voluntary movement and sensory information

hormones

master gland

outcome of the chemical interaction with the body’s neurochemical system
takes place at the molecular level

occurs after drug action; resulting human response of behavior
drug action+ personal characteristics+ environment= drug effect

short term effect that takes place within the period of use or immediately after
ex: getting high, dying from OD

long term effects that occur after continued usage
ex: cirrhosis of the liver (direct effect), HIV contraction (indirect effect)

those resulting for the long term acting of the deug itself

result of circumstances of use

“active dose”
dose needed to produce a given effect
% of the population for which that dose has the desired effect

the quantity of a given deug required to kill a specified population
refers to a drugs toxicity

measure if toxicity
margin of safety
larger ratio= more safe

more safe drug
more dangerous

repeated adminstration produces diminishing effects

effect on related neurons

same principles of diminishing effects applies across similar drug types

refelcts how an experienced user learns to compensate for drug effects
i.e. being a better drunk driver

method of ingestion
influences drug effect

the amount of particular drug ingested
drugs usually echibit a drug/dose response curve

refers to the fact that batches vary in the percentage of drug contained

quantity of drug taken to produce a given action

motovation

false

legal

illegal