Biology Ch. 20

the main technologies for sequencing and manipulating DNA

the base pairing of one strand of nucleic acid to the complementary sequence on another strand

the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

process that determines a gene's complete nucleotide sequence

process that prepares well defined DNA segments in multiple identical copies

small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

contains DNA from 2 different sources

a type of DNA cloning that produces multiple copies of a single gene

a plasmid used to clone a foreign gene

they are readily obtained, easily manipulated, easily introduced into bacterial cells, rapidly manipulated once in the bacteria

cut DNA molecules at specific DNA sequences

specific DNA sequences

a single stranded end
can bond with complementary sticky ends of other fragments

technique to separate and visualize the fragments produced
uses a gel made of a polymer that has microscopic holes of different sizes through which shorter fragments can travel faster

can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA
3 step cycle: heating, cooling, and extension
uses primers

heat stable DNA polymerase
key to PCR

a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter

a method of introducing recombinant DNA into eukaryotic cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to create temporary holes in plasma membranes

a gene that directs formation of a vertebrae eye

uses fluorescent dyes attached to probes to identify the location of specific mRNAs in place in the intact organism

useful for comparing amounts if specific mRNAs in several samples at the same time

compare patterns of gene expression in different tissues at different times or under different conditions

specific mutations are introduced into a cloned gene, altering or destroying its function

can silence gene expression

a relatively unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely or under certain conditions can differentiate into 1 or more types of specialized cells

can generate a complete new organism

capable of differentiating into many different cell types

the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products

the introduction of genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes

a gene that is transferred from one organism to another

an individual's unique set of genetic markers

variations in the number of repeats of specific DNA sequences