1What age range does menopause typically begin?
Around age 45-55.
2What hormonal changes occur during menopause?
Estrogen and progesterone production decreases.
3How is menopause confirmed?
After 12 months without menstruation.
4What percentage of women experience hot flashes and night sweats during menopause?
75%.
5What are common psychological changes during menopause?
Mood swings, anxiety, and insomnia.
6What physical changes occur during menopause?
Vaginal dryness, urinary issues, decreased libido, and decreased bone density.
7What FSH level indicates menopause?
Exceeds 30 mIU/mL.
8What test assesses osteoporosis risk in menopausal women?
DEXA scans.
9What is the primary benefit of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)?
Reduces hot flashes and night sweats.
10What is a risk associated with HRT?
Increased risk of breast cancer and VTE.
11What non-hormonal treatments reduce hot flashes?
SSRIs/SNRIs like paroxetine and venlafaxine.
12What are common vaginal therapies for menopausal symptoms?
Moisturizers, lubricants, and local estrogen.
13What are the daily recommended doses of calcium and vitamin D for bone health?
1200 mg calcium and 800-1000 IU vitamin D.
14What is the recommended weekly exercise duration for menopausal women?
150 minutes.
15What are uterine fibroids also called?
Leiomyomas or myomas.
16What hormones stimulate fibroid growth?
Estrogen and progesterone.
17What are the classifications of uterine fibroids?
Submucosal, intramural, subserosal, and pedunculated.
18What is a common symptom of uterine fibroids?
Heavy menstrual bleeding with clots.
19What diagnostic test is primary for fibroids?
Pelvic ultrasound.
20What medication creates a temporary menopause state to shrink fibroids?
GnRH agonists like leuprolide.
21What surgical option preserves the uterus for future pregnancy?
Myomectomy.
22What is the definitive treatment for fibroids that prevents recurrence?
Hysterectomy.
23What is the most common cause of erectile dysfunction (ED)?
Cardiovascular disease (40% of cases).
24What laboratory test is most accurate for testosterone levels?
Morning testosterone levels.
25What is the mechanism of PDE5 inhibitors like sildenafil?
Enhance nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation.
26What is an absolute contraindication for PDE5 inhibitors?
Use with nitrates.
27What is a non-invasive treatment option for ED?
Vacuum erection devices.
28What psychological support is recommended for ED patients?
Individual or couples therapy.
29What are fibrocystic changes in the breast?
Lumpy, tender breast tissue that fluctuates with the menstrual cycle.
30What is the most common benign breast tumor in young women?
Fibroadenomas.
31What is the primary cause of mastitis?
Bacterial infection, often S. aureus.
32What is the first-line imaging for breast tissue?
Mammogram.
33What is the mechanism of tamoxifen?
Blocks estrogen receptors in breast tissue.
34What is a side effect of aromatase inhibitors?
Bone density loss.
35What is the target of HER2 therapies?
HER2 protein overexpressed in 20% of breast cancers.
36What is the most common STI in the U.S.?
HPV.
37What is the first-line treatment for chlamydia?
Azithromycin 1g single dose.
38What is the management for herpes simplex virus (HSV)?
Antivirals like acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir.
39What is the recommended HPV vaccination age?
Ages 11-12, with catch-up through age 26.
40What is the mechanism of acyclovir?
Inhibits viral DNA synthesis.
41What is the most common reportable STI in the U.S.?
Chlamydia (caused by Chlamydia trachomatis).
42What STI is known for increasing antibiotic resistance?
Gonorrhea.
43What are the stages of untreated syphilis?
Primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary.
44What STI causes recurrent painful vesicular lesions?
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).
45What diagnostic test is the gold standard for chlamydia and gonorrhea?
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs).
46What is the first-line treatment for gonorrhea?
Ceftriaxone 500mg IM x1 dose.
47What medication treats trichomoniasis?
Metronidazole (2g single dose or 500mg BID x7 days).
48What STI is linked to cervical cancer?
HPV (high-risk strains).
49What is the recommended follow-up for syphilis treatment?
Serologic testing at 6 and 12 months.
50What STI often has no symptoms but can lead to PID in women?
Chlamydia.
51What is the primary prevention strategy for HPV?
Vaccination (Gardasil-9).
52What STI requires partner notification and treatment?
All bacterial STIs (e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis).
53What is a prodromal symptom of HSV outbreaks?
Tingling or itching before lesions appear.
54What STI is caused by a parasite?
Trichomoniasis.
55What is the window period for accurate STI testing?
Varies by infection (e.g., 1–2 weeks for chlamydia, up to 3 months for HIV).
56What is the first-line treatment for primary syphilis?
Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units IM.
57What STI can be transmitted even without symptoms?
HSV (due to viral shedding).
58What is a key nursing action for STI patients?
Partner management (ensuring contacts are treated).
59What barrier method provides partial protection against HPV?
Condoms (do not cover all infected areas).
60What is the purpose of suppressive therapy for HSV?
Reduce outbreak frequency and viral shedding.